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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rosped</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский педиатрический журнал имени М.Я. Студеникина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>M.Ya. Studenikin Russian Pediatric Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><publisher><publisher-name>ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46563/1560-9561-2025-28-3-197-205</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">vephyd</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rosped-1649</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Глутаминовая кислота, глутаматные рецепторы и оксид азота при гипоксических повреждениях головного мозга у детей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Glutamic acid, glutamate receptors, and nitric oxide in hypoxic brain damage</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5046-0377</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокина</surname><given-names>Елена Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokina</surname><given-names>Elena G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, вед. специалист методического отдела ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: sorokelena@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, leading researcher, Methodical department of the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: sorokelena@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sorokelena@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8433-7783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Реутов</surname><given-names>Валентин Палладиевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Reutov</surname><given-names>Valentin P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, вед. науч. сотр., ФГБУН «Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН»</p><p>e-mail: valentinreutov@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valentinreutov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-050X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Жанна Борисовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Zhanna B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, проф., рук. отд. нейротравмы, ГБУЗ города Москвы «НИИ неотложной детской хирургии и травматологии — Клиника доктора Рошаля» ДЗМ</p><p>e-mail: j.seman@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">j.seman@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9418-4418</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карасева</surname><given-names>Ольга Витальевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karaseva</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, руководитель отдела сочетанной травмы, анестезиологии-реанимации, ГБУЗ города Москвы «НИИ неотложной детской хирургии и травматологии — Клиника доктора Рошаля» ДЗМ</p><p>e-mail: karaseva.o@list.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karaseva.o@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-4892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глоба</surname><given-names>Оксана Валериевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Globa</surname><given-names>Oksana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, доцент отделения психоневрологии и психосоматической патологии ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: globa@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">globa@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9562-3774</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузенкова</surname><given-names>Людмила Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzenkova</surname><given-names>Ludmila M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, проф., зав. отделением психоневрологии и психосоматической патологии ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: kuzenkova@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuzenkova@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8579-605X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пинелис</surname><given-names>Всеволод Григорьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pinelis</surname><given-names>Vsevolod G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, проф., гл. науч. сотр., ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: pinelis@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pinelis@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4679-0533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Иван Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Ivan E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, проф., нач. методического отдела ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: smirnov@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smirnov@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ города Москвы «Научно-исследовательский институт неотложной детской хирургии и травматологии — Клиника доктора Рошаля» ДЗМ</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>197</fpage><lpage>205</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сорокина Е.Г., Реутов В.П., Семенова Ж.Б., Карасева О.В., Глоба О.В., Кузенкова Л.М., Пинелис В.Г., Смирнов И.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сорокина Е.Г., Реутов В.П., Семенова Ж.Б., Карасева О.В., Глоба О.В., Кузенкова Л.М., Пинелис В.Г., Смирнов И.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sorokina E.G., Reutov V.P., Semenova Z.B., Karaseva O.V., Globa O.V., Kuzenkova L.M., Pinelis V.G., Smirnov I.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rosped.ru/jour/article/view/1649">https://www.rosped.ru/jour/article/view/1649</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Полифункциональная глутаминовая кислота (глутамат, Glu) является основным возбуждающим нейромедиатором в центральной нервной системе. Обеспечивая возбуждающую нейротрансмиссию, Glu активирует глутаматные рецепторы (GluRc), связанные с поступлением Ca2+. Острая и хроническая Glu-эксайтотоксичность и NO играют ведущую роль в механизмах гибели нейронов при гипоксии мозга, которая сопровождает нарушения мозгового кровообращения (НМК), инсульты, эпилепсию, черепно-мозговую травму (ЧМТ) и нейродегенеративные заболевания.</p><p>Цель работы — определить изменения содержания Glu в крови и спинномозговой жидкости (СМЖ) и функциональной активности рецепторов GluRc у детей с различными формами гипоксических повреждений головного мозга.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обследовано 79 новорождённых детей с НМК, 36 детей с врождённой гидроцефалией, 58 детей с острым лимфобластным лейкозом, осложнённым нейролейкозом, 42 ребёнка с эпилепсиями и пароксизмальными состояниями и 159 детей с ЧМТ. Содержание Glu, глутамина (Gln), аммиака и биохимических маркеров гипоксии (содержание глюкозы, лактата) определяли в СМЖ и крови новорождённых детей с НМК с помощью ферментных методов. Содержание аутоантител к NMDA и АМРА GluRc определяли иммуноферментными методами. Содержание NO и продуктов его превращений оценивали по суммарному содержанию нитритов и нитратов по методу Грисса.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При нарастании тяжести гипоксических повреждений головного мозга в СМЖ новорождённых детей снижались уровни глюкозы, увеличивалось содержание лактата, белка, аммиака и Glu, а также нарастала проницаемость гематоэнцефалического барьера. При этом, чем более выраженные повреждения головного мозга отмечались у детей с различными гипоксическими повреждениями центральной нервной системы, тем более высокие значения содержания Glu, общего белка и основного белка сыворотки альбумина отмечались в СМЖ.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Установленные закономерности позволили определить значимость NO и продуктов его превращения в функциональной активности рецепторов GluRc и показать участие NO в защитных и повреждающих процессах в мозговой ткани.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Сорокина Е.Г., Реутов В.П. — концепция и дизайн исследования, статистическая обработка, написание текста; Сорокина Е.Г., Глоба О.В., Кузенкова Л.М., Карасева О.В., Семенова Ж.Б., Пинелис В.Г. — сбор и обработка материала; Смирнов И.Е. — редактирование. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила 30</title><p>Поступила 30.04.2025Принята к печати 20.05.2025Опубликована 27.06.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Multifunctional glutamic acid (glutamate, Glu) is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). By providing excitatory neurotransmission, Glu activates glutamate receptors (GluRc) associated with the intake of calcium (Ca2+). Acute and chronic Glu excitotoxicity and nitric oxide (NO) play a leading role in the mechanisms of neuron death during brain hypoxia, which accompanies cerebral circulatory disorders (CCD), strokes, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the study was to determine changes in the content of glutamic acid in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the functional activity of GluRc receptors in children with various forms of hypoxic brain damage.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Seventy nine CCD newborns, 36 children with congenital hydrocephalus, 58 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated by neuroleukemia, 42 children with epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions, and 159 children with TBI were examined. The content of Glu, glutamine (Gln), ammonia and biochemical markers of hypoxia (glucose, lactate) were determined in CSF and blood in CCD newborns using enzyme methods. The content of autoantibodies to NMDA and AMP GluRc was determined by enzyme immunoassay methods. The content of NO and its transformation products was estimated by the total content of nitrites and nitrates using the Griss method.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. As the severity of hypoxic brain damage increased, glucose levels decreased in the CSF of newborns, the content of lactate, protein, ammonia, and Glu increased, and the permeability of the brain-blood barrier increased. At the same time, the more pronounced brain damage was observed in children with various hypoxic CNS injuries, the higher the levels of Glu, total protein, and CA were observed in CSF.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The established patterns allowed determining the importance of NO and its conversion products in the functional activity of GluRc and showing the involvement of NO in protective and damaging processes in brain tissue.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Sorokina E.G., Reutov V.P. — the concept and design of the study; Sorokina E.G., Karaseva O.V., Semenova Zh.B., Globa O.V., Kuzenkova L.M., Pinelis V.G. — collection and processing of the material; Sorokina E.G., Globa O.V., Reutov V.P. — statistical processing and writing the text; Smirnov I.E. — editing the text. All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: April 30, 2025Accepted: May 20, 2025Published: June 27, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глутаминовая кислота</kwd><kwd>глутаматные рецепторы</kwd><kwd>оксид азота</kwd><kwd>гипоксия головного мозга у детей</kwd><kwd>эпилепсии</kwd><kwd>черепно-мозговая травма</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>glutamic acid</kwd><kwd>glutamate receptors</kwd><kwd>nitric oxide</kwd><kwd>cerebral hypoxia in children</kwd><kwd>epilepsy</kwd><kwd>traumatic brain injury</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reutov V.P., Pasikova N.V., Sorokina E.G. Typical pathological process in glutamate neurotoxicity: the role of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. 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