rospedРоссийский педиатрический журнал имени М.Я. СтуденикинаM.Ya. Studenikin Russian Pediatric JournalФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России10.46563/1560-9561-2025-28-5-373-379mvcmdvrosped-1827Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSВлияние плаценты на нервно-психическое развитие плодаThe impact of the placenta on neuropsychic development of the fetusСибирскаяЕлена ВикторовнаSibirskayaElena V.

Доктор мед. наук, зав. хирургическим гинекологическим отделением РДКБ ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет); проф. каф. акушерства и гинекологии им. акад. Г.М. Савельевой ПФ ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет); проф. каф. акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктивной медицины ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России

e-mail: elsibirskaya@yandex.ru

MD, Ph.D., prof., Department of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Prof., Department of obstetrics and gynecology named after Academician G.M. Saveleva, Pirogov University; Head, Surgical gynecology department, Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital, Pirogov University

e-mail: elsibirskaya@yandex.ru

elsibirskaya@yandex.ruШарковСергей МихайловичSharkovSergey M.

Доктор мед. наук, руководитель центра репродуктивного здоровья детей и подростков ГБУЗ «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница» ДЗМ; проф. каф. детской хирургии и урологии-андрологии им. Л.П. Александрова ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)

e-mail: sharkdoc@mail.ru

sharkdoc@mail.ruИванниковНиколай ЮрьевичIvannikovNikolai Yu.

Канд. мед. наук, проф. каф. акушерства и гинекологии института хирургии, ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет)

e-mail: ivannikov@inbox.ru

ivannikov@inbox.ruАйгистоваНина МарсовнаAigistovaNina M.

Айгистова , студентка ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет)

e-mail: nmrs5201@gmail.com

nmrs5201@gmail.comГоршковаДарья ВикторовнаGorshkovaDaria V.

Студентка ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет)

e-mail: priscilla00@bk.ru

priscilla00@bk.ruРоссийская детская клиническая больница — филиал ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет); ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет); ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава РоссииRussian Children’s Clinical Hospital — branch of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University); Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University); Russian University of MedicineГБУЗ «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)Morozovskaya Children Municipal Clinical Hospital; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет); ГБУЗ Московской области «Долгопрудненская больница»Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University); Dolgoprudennskaya HospitalФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет)Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University)202520112025285373379Copyright © Сибирская Е.В., Шарков С.М., Иванников Н.Ю., Айгистова Н.М., Горшкова Д.В., 20252025Сибирская Е.В., Шарков С.М., Иванников Н.Ю., Айгистова Н.М., Горшкова Д.В.Sibirskaya E.V., Sharkov S.M., Ivannikov N.Y., Aigistova N.M., Gorshkova D.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rosped.ru/jour/article/view/1827Актуальность

Актуальность. Плацента является ключевым органом, определяющим условия внутриутробного развития плода и его нейропсихического здоровья. Она выполняет эндокринные, метаболические и барьерные функции, регулирует поступление кислорода, питательных веществ и гормонов, а также защищает плод от ксенобиотиков и патогенов. Цель обзора: определить взаимодействия плаценты и нервной системы плода и потенциальное влияние их нарушений на дальнейшее нервно-психическое развитие плода. Поиск литературы осуществляли в базах данных EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline. Нарушения плацентарных процессов приводят к гипоксии, воспалению и эндокринным дисбалансам, которые ассоциированы с задержкой роста плода, преждевременными родами и повреждением центральной нервной системы. Инфекционные поражения плаценты (хориоамнионит) дополнительно усиливают экспозицию цитокинов, вызывают эпигенетические изменения и связаны с риском психиатрических заболеваний, включая синдром дефицита внимания и гиперактивности, аутизм и шизофрению. Плацентарная недостаточность сопровождается ремоделированием кровотока, митохондриальной дисфункцией и активацией воспалительных каскадов, что способствует развитию глиоза и нарушению нейрональной дифференцировки. Эндокринная роль плаценты проявляется в синтезе нейростероидов (аллопрегнанолон, который играет многогранную роль при развитии центральной нервной системы), регуляции уровня глюкокортикоидов и транспорта гормонов щитовидной железы. Эти факторы критически важны для миелинизации нервных волокон, формирования синапсов и эмоционально-когнитивной устойчивости плода. Их дисбаланс ассоциирован с истончением коры головного мозга, нарушением сенсорной обработки и поведенческими расстройствами плода. Дополнительным механизмом воздействия плаценты является субклеточный транспорт микроРНК и внеклеточных везикул, участвующих в эпигенетической регуляции. Эти молекулы рассматриваются как перспективные биомаркеры раннего выявления когнитивных и моторных нарушений у плода.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Сибирская Е.В., Шарков С.М., Иванников Н.Ю. — концепция и дизайн исследования; Айгистова Н.М., Горшкова Д.В. — сбор, обработка и анализ материала, написание текста; Сибирская Е.В. — редактирование. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Поступила 10

Поступила 10.09.2025Принята к печати 02.10.2025Опубликована 30.10.2025

Introduction

Introduction. The placenta is a key organ that determines the conditions of fetal development and neuropsychological health. It performs endocrine, metabolic, and barrier functions, regulates the supply of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones and protects the fetus from xenobiotics and pathogens. The aim of this review is to determine the interactions between the placenta and the fetal nervous system and the potential impact of their disorders on the further neuropsychological development of the fetus. The literature search was conducted in the Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline databases. Placental process disorders lead to hypoxia, inflammation, and endocrine imbalances, which are associated with fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and central nervous system damage. Placental infection (chorioamnionitis) further increases cytokine exposure, causes epigenetic changes, and is associated with the risk of psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and schizophrenia. Placental insufficiency is accompanied by blood flow remodeling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of inflammatory cascades, which contribute to the development of gliosis and impaired neuronal differentiation. The endocrine role of the placenta is manifested in the synthesis of neurosteroids (allopregnanolone, which plays a multifaceted role in the development of the central nervous system), the regulation of glucocorticoid levels, and the transport of thyroid hormones. These factors are critical for myelination, synaptic formation, and the emotional and cognitive stability of the fetus. Imbalances in these factors are associated with cortical thinning, impaired sensory processing, and behavioral disorders in the fetus. An additional mechanism of placental effect is the subcellular transport of microRNAs and extracellular vesicles involved in epigenetic regulation. These molecules are considered as promising biomarkers for early detection of cognitive and motor disorders in the fetus.

Contribution

Contribution: Sibirskaya E.V., Sharkov S.M., Ivannikov N.Yu. — study concept and design, data analysis, editing the text; Aigistova N.M., Gorshkova D.V. — data collection, processing, analysis, writing the text; Sibirskaya E.V. — editing the text. All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received

Received: September 10, 2025Accepted: October 02, 2025Published: October 30, 2025

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.