rospedРоссийский педиатрический журнал имени М.Я. СтуденикинаM.Ya. Studenikin Russian Pediatric JournalФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России10.46563/1560-9561-2025-28-6-440-447qvkvferosped-2001Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИORIGINAL ARTICLESНарушения сна при патологии ЛОР-органов у детей — предиктор формирования избыточной массы тела и ожиренияSleep disorders in children with ENT pathology are a predictor of overweight and obesityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4121-5900ТихоновскийПавел АндреевичTikhonovskyPavel A.

Врач отделения инструментальной диагностики, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: pasha098@mail.ru

pasha098@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7900-5394ЛебедевВладислав ВитальевичLebedevVladislav V.

Врач отделения инструментальной диагностики, мл. науч. сотр., лаб. лучевой и инструментальной диагностики, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: lebedev@nczd.ru

lebedev@nczd.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8562-6851КожевниковаОльга ВикторовнаKozhevnikovaOlga V.

Доктор мед. наук, зав. отделением инструментальной диагностики, гл. науч. сотр. лаб. лучевой и инструментальной диагностики ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: fd@nczd.ru

MD, Head of the Instrumental diagnostics department, chief researcher of the Laboratory of radiation and instrumental diagnostics of National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health

e-mail: fd@nczd.ru

fd@nczd.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-403XМакароваСветлана ГеннадиевнаMakarovaSvetlana G.

Доктор мед. наук, зам. директора по научной работе ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: makarova@nczd.ru

makarova@nczd.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8586-7946ФисенкоАндрей ПетровичFisenkoAndrey P.

Доктор мед. наук, проф., директор ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: director@nczd.ru

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7609-0936КомароваОльга ВикторовнаKomarovaOlga V.

Доктор мед. наук, первый заместитель директора ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: komarova@nczd.ru

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5366-894XАбашидзеЭка АмирановнаAbashidzeEka A.

Канд. мед. наук, врач отделения инструментальной диагностики, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: 2803abashidze@mail.ru

2803abashidze@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7529-2541АхмедоваЭлина ЭльдаровнаAkhmedovaElina E.

Врач отделения инструментальной диагностики, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: akhmedova.ee@nczd.ru

akhmedova.ee@nczd.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-7391-7598БлажиевскаяТамара ОлеговнаBlazhievskayaTamara O.

Врач отделения инструментальной диагностики, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: toma.sotnikova@mail.ru

toma.sotnikova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6658-0624ГордееваИрина ГригорьевнаGordeevaIrina G.

Канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр., лаб. клинической иммунологии и нутрициологии, врач педиатр, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: gordeevaig@nczd.ru

gordeevaig@nczd.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-9105-0885КустоваЕлена АлександровнаKustovaElena A.

Врач отделения инструментальной диагностики, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: kustovaelenna@gmail.com

kustovaelenna@gmail.comРодионоваАнна МарковнаRodionovaAnna M.

Врач отделения инструментальной диагностики, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России

e-mail: ram161086@gmail.com

ram161086@gmail.comФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава РоссииNational Medical Research Center for Children’s Health202515012026286440447Copyright © Тихоновский П.А., Лебедев В.В., Кожевникова О.В., Макарова С.Г., Фисенко А.П., Комарова О.В., Абашидзе Э.А., Ахмедова Э.Э., Блажиевская Т.О., Гордеева И.Г., Кустова Е.А., Родионова А.М., 20262026Тихоновский П.А., Лебедев В.В., Кожевникова О.В., Макарова С.Г., Фисенко А.П., Комарова О.В., Абашидзе Э.А., Ахмедова Э.Э., Блажиевская Т.О., Гордеева И.Г., Кустова Е.А., Родионова А.М.Tikhonovsky P.A., Lebedev V.V., Kozhevnikova O.V., Makarova S.G., Fisenko A.P., Komarova O.V., Abashidze E.A., Akhmedova E.E., Blazhievskaya T.O., Gordeeva I.G., Kustova E.A., Rodionova A.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rosped.ru/jour/article/view/2001Введение

Введение. Уменьшение продолжительности сна, значимая его вариабельность и нарушения дыхания во сне (синдром обструктивного апноэ сна — СОАС) являются факторами формирования ожирения у детей. Основной причиной СОАС у детей является хроническая патология ЛОР-органов, при её сочетании с избыточной массой тела и ожирением регистрируются самые тяжёлые его формы. Цель: определить особенности нарушений сна и их связь с ожирением у детей с хронической патологией ЛОР-органов.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Обследовано 127 детей (75 мальчиков и 52 девочки) в возрасте 4–12 лет (медиана 6 лет) с хронической патологией ЛОР-органов в течение 2016–2024 гг. Всем детям было проведено обследование методом ночной полисомнографии (ПСГ) с использованием системы «Embla 7000». Выполнен статистический анализ количественных данных ПСГ и определены их связи с возрастом, полом и SDS индекса массы тела.

Результаты

Результаты. Храп, затруднённое дыхание и нарушения структуры сна у детей с хроническими формами патологии ЛОР-органов тесно связаны с индексами апноэ/гипопноэ и десатурации, что указывает на значимый риск формирования хронических неинфекционных заболеваний. У дошкольников (4–6 лет) преобладают жалобы на нарушение дыхания во время сна и признаки нарушений структуры сна. У этих больных, несмотря на тяжёлые формы патологии ЛОР-органов, реже выявляются избыточная масса тела, ожирение и менее выражен СОАС. У школьников (7–12 лет) с хронической патологией ЛОР-органов значительно чаще регистрируются избыточный вес и ожирение, выявлены их тесные корреляции с жалобами и объективными данными ПСГ, свидетельствующими о более выраженных нарушениях дыхания во сне, чем у дошкольников.

Заключение

Заключение. У школьников с хронической патологией ЛОР-органов объективные признаки нарушения дыхания во время сна регистрируются чаще, более выражены и коррелируют с часто выявляемым повышенным индексом массы тела, что требует комплексного подхода в лечении детей с учётом поведенческих факторов, одним из которых является сон ребёнка.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Кожевникова О.В., Макарова С.Г. — концепция и дизайн исследования; Тихоновский П.А., Лебедев В.В., Блажиевская Т.О., Абашидзе Э.А. — сбор и обработка материала; Гордеева И.Г., Кустова Е.А. — статистический анализ;Кожевникова О.В., Тихоновский П.А., Родионова А.М. — написание текста; Фисенко А.П., Макарова С.Г., Комарова О.В. — редактирование статьи. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Поступила 16

Поступила 16.10.2025Принята к печати 27.11.2025Опубликована 25.12.2025

Introduction

Introduction. A decrease in sleep duration, its significant variability and sleep breathing disorders (obstructive sleep apnea syndrome — OSA) are factors in the formation of obesity in children. The main cause of OSA in children is chronic pathology of the ENT organs, when combined with overweight and obesity, its most severe forms are recorded. The aim: to determine the features of sleep disorders and their association with obesity in children with chronic pathology of ENT organs.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. One hundred twenty seven children (75 boys and 52 girls) aged of 4–12 years (median 6 years) with chronic pathology of ENT organs were examined during 2016–2024. All children were examined with night polysomnography (PSG) using the Embla 7000 system (USA). A statistical analysis of quantitative PSG data was performed and their relationship to age, gender, and SDS index of the of body mass index (BMI) was determined.

Results

Results. Snoring, shortness of breath, and sleep disorders in children with chronic forms of ENT pathology are closely related to the indices of apnea/hypopnea (IAG) and desaturation (ID), which indicates the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases. In preschool children (4–6 years old), complaints of breathing disorders during sleep and objective signs of sleep disorders prevail. In these patients, despite severe forms of pathology of the ENT organs, overweight, obesity, and less pronounced forms of OSA are less often detected. Overweight and obesity are significantly more common in school-age children (7–12 years) with chronic pathology of the ENT organs, as well as their close correlations with complaints and objective PSG data indicating more pronounced sleep breathing disorders than in preschoolers.

Conclusion

Conclusion. In school-age children with chronic pathology of the ENT organs, objective signs of respiratory disorders during sleep are registered more often, are more pronounced and are associated with a frequently detected increased BMI, which requires an integrated approach in the treatment of children, taking into account behavioral factors, one of which is the child’s sleep.

Contribution

Contribution: Kozhevnikova O.V., Makarova S.G. — the concept and design of the study; Tikhonovsky P.A., Lebedev V.V., Blazhievskaya T.O., Abashidze E.A. — collection and processing of the material; Gordeeva I.G., Kustova E.A. — statistical analysis; Kozhevnikova O.V., Tikhonovsky P.A., Rodionova A.M. — writing the text; Fisenko A.P., Makarova S.G., Komarova O.V. — editing the text. All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received

Received: October 16, 2025Accepted: November 27, 2025Published: December 25, 2025

детинарушения снаполисомнографиясиндром обструктивного апноэ снахроническая патология ЛОР-органовожирениедиагностикапрофилактикаchildrensleep disorderspolysomnographyobstructive sleep apnea syndromechronic pathology of ENT organsobesitydiagnosispreventionReferencesPrimack C. Obesity and sleep. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 2021; 56(4): 565–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2021.07.012Primack C. Obesity and sleep. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 2021; 56(4): 565–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2021.07.012Antza C., Kostopoulos G., Mostafa S., Nirantharakumar K., Tahrani A. The links between sleep duration, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Endocrinol. 2021; 252(2): 125–41. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-21-0155Antza C., Kostopoulos G., Mostafa S., Nirantharakumar K., Tahrani A. The links between sleep duration, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Endocrinol. 2021; 252(2): 125–41. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-21-0155Figorilli M., Velluzzi F., Redolfi S. Obesity and sleep disorders: A bidirectional relationship. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2025; 35(6): 104014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104014Figorilli M., Velluzzi F., Redolfi S. Obesity and sleep disorders: A bidirectional relationship. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2025; 35(6): 104014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104014Styne D.M., Arslanian S.A., Connor E.L., Farooqi I.S., Murad M.H. Silverstein J.H., et al. Pediatric obesity-assessment, treatment, and prevention. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102(3): 709–57. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573Styne D.M., Arslanian S.A., Connor E.L., Farooqi I.S., Murad M.H. Silverstein J.H., et al. Pediatric obesity-assessment, treatment, and prevention. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102(3): 709–57. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573Herkenrath S.D., Treml M., Hagmeyer L., Matthes S., Randerath W.J. Severity stages of obesity-related breathing disorders – a cross-sectional cohort study. Sleep Med. 2022; 90: 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.12.015Herkenrath S.D., Treml M., Hagmeyer L., Matthes S., Randerath W.J. Severity stages of obesity-related breathing disorders – a cross-sectional cohort study. Sleep Med. 2022; 90: 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.12.015Blüher M. An overview of obesity-related complications: The epidemiological evidence linking body weight and other markers of obesity to adverse health outcomes. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2025; 27(Suppl. 2): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16263Blüher M. An overview of obesity-related complications: The epidemiological evidence linking body weight and other markers of obesity to adverse health outcomes. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2025; 27(Suppl. 2): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16263Tuomilehto H., Seppä J., Uusitupa M. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea – clinical significance of weight loss. Sleep Med. Rev. 2013; 17(5): 321–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2012.08.002Tuomilehto H., Seppä J., Uusitupa M. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea – clinical significance of weight loss. Sleep Med. Rev. 2013; 17(5): 321–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2012.08.002Leproult R., Van Cauter E. Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism. Endocr. Dev. 2010; 17: 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1159/000262524Leproult R., Van Cauter E. Role of sleep and sleep loss in hormonal release and metabolism. Endocr. Dev. 2010; 17: 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1159/000262524Duan D., Kim L.J., Jun J.C., Polotsky V.Y. Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2023; 1519(1): 94–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14926Duan D., Kim L.J., Jun J.C., Polotsky V.Y. Connecting insufficient sleep and insomnia with metabolic dysfunction. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2023; 1519(1): 94–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14926Pham L.V., Jun J., Polotsky V.Y. Obstructive sleep apnea. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2022; 189: 105–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91532-8.00017-3Pham L.V., Jun J., Polotsky V.Y. Obstructive sleep apnea. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2022; 189: 105–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91532-8.00017-3Huang W., Zhong A., Xu H., Xu C., Wang A., Wang F., et al. Metabolomics analysis on obesity-related obstructive sleep apnea after weight loss management: a preliminary study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2022; 12: 761547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.761547Huang W., Zhong A., Xu H., Xu C., Wang A., Wang F., et al. Metabolomics analysis on obesity-related obstructive sleep apnea after weight loss management: a preliminary study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2022; 12: 761547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.761547Meyer E.J., Wittert G.A. Approach the patient with obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 2024; 109(3): e1267–79. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad572Meyer E.J., Wittert G.A. Approach the patient with obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 2024; 109(3): e1267–79. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad572Hopps E., Caimi G. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: links betwen pathophysiology and cardiovascular complications. Clin. Invest. Med. 2015; 38(6): E362–70. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v38i6.26199Hopps E., Caimi G. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: links betwen pathophysiology and cardiovascular complications. Clin. Invest. Med. 2015; 38(6): E362–70. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v38i6.26199Bosi M., De Vito A., Kotecha B., Viglietta L., Braghiroli A., Steier J., et al. Phenotyping the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea using polygraphy/polysomnography: a review of the literature. Sleep Breath. 2018; 22(3): 579–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-017-1613-3Bosi M., De Vito A., Kotecha B., Viglietta L., Braghiroli A., Steier J., et al. Phenotyping the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea using polygraphy/polysomnography: a review of the literature. Sleep Breath. 2018; 22(3): 579–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-017-1613-3Doğru Yuvarlakbaş S., Boyan N., Kuleci S., Balli H.T. Anatomic changes of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome at different stages. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2025; 36(4): 1254–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011053Doğru Yuvarlakbaş S., Boyan N., Kuleci S., Balli H.T. Anatomic changes of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome at different stages. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2025; 36(4): 1254–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000011053Yeşildağ M., Duksal F. Comorbidities and anthropometric parameters in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a phenotype-based study. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 2025; 47(1): 2512136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2025.2512136Yeşildağ M., Duksal F. Comorbidities and anthropometric parameters in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a phenotype-based study. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 2025; 47(1): 2512136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2025.2512136Xue Z., Yao B., Yang Y., Yin L. Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy improves macular microcirculation in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sci. Rep. 2025; 15(1): 31033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16476-6Xue Z., Yao B., Yang Y., Yin L. Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy improves macular microcirculation in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sci. Rep. 2025; 15(1): 31033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16476-6Villa M.P., Piro S., Dotta A., Bonci E., Scola P., Paggi B., et al. Validation of automated sleep analysis in normal children. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 11(2): 458–61. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.98.11020458Villa M.P., Piro S., Dotta A., Bonci E., Scola P., Paggi B., et al. Validation of automated sleep analysis in normal children. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 11(2): 458–61. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.98.11020458Vendrame M., Kaleyias J., Valencia I., Legido A., Kothare S.V. Polysomnographic findings in children with headaches. Pediatr. Neurol. 2008; 39(1): 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.03.007Vendrame M., Kaleyias J., Valencia I., Legido A., Kothare S.V. Polysomnographic findings in children with headaches. Pediatr. Neurol. 2008; 39(1): 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.03.007DelRosso L.M., Jackson C.V., Trotter K., Bruni O., Ferri R. Video-polysomnographic characterization of sleep movements in children with restless sleep disorder. Sleep. 2019; 42(4): zsy269. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy269DelRosso L.M., Jackson C.V., Trotter K., Bruni O., Ferri R. Video-polysomnographic characterization of sleep movements in children with restless sleep disorder. Sleep. 2019; 42(4): zsy269. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy269Jo J.H., Kim S.H., Jang J.H., Park J.W., Chung J.W. Comparison of polysomnographic and cephalometric parameters based on positional and rapid eye movement sleep dependency in obstructive sleep apnea. Sci. Rep. 2022; 12(1): 9828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13850-6Jo J.H., Kim S.H., Jang J.H., Park J.W., Chung J.W. Comparison of polysomnographic and cephalometric parameters based on positional and rapid eye movement sleep dependency in obstructive sleep apnea. Sci. Rep. 2022; 12(1): 9828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13850-6Ohayon M.M., Guilleminault C., Zulley J., Palombini L., Raab H. Validation of the sleep-EVAL system against clinical assessments of sleep disorders and polysomnographic data. Sleep. 1999; 22(7): 925–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/22.7.925Ohayon M.M., Guilleminault C., Zulley J., Palombini L., Raab H. Validation of the sleep-EVAL system against clinical assessments of sleep disorders and polysomnographic data. Sleep. 1999; 22(7): 925–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/22.7.925Wakai M., Nishikage H., Goshima K., Yamamoto J. Polysomnographic features of idiopathic central sleep apnea. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2002; 56(3): 323–4. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.01000.xWakai M., Nishikage H., Goshima K., Yamamoto J. Polysomnographic features of idiopathic central sleep apnea. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2002; 56(3): 323–4. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.01000.xTasali E., Pamidi S., Covassin N., Somers V.K. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiometabolic disease: obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Circ. Res. 2025; 137(5): 764–787. https://doi.org/10.1161/Circresaha.125.325676Tasali E., Pamidi S., Covassin N., Somers V.K. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiometabolic disease: obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Circ. Res. 2025; 137(5): 764–787. https://doi.org/10.1161/Circresaha.125.325676Wu K., Gan Q., Pi Y., Wu Y., Zou W., Su X., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and structural and functional brain alterations: a brain-wide investigation from clinical association to genetic causality. BMC Med. 2025; 23(1): 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-03876-8Wu K., Gan Q., Pi Y., Wu Y., Zou W., Su X., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and structural and functional brain alterations: a brain-wide investigation from clinical association to genetic causality. BMC Med. 2025; 23(1): 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-03876-8Henning R.J., Anderson W.M. Sleep apnea is a common and dangerous cardiovascular risk factor. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2025; 50(1): 102838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102838Henning R.J., Anderson W.M. Sleep apnea is a common and dangerous cardiovascular risk factor. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2025; 50(1): 102838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102838Antonaglia C., Passuti G. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in non-obese patients. Sleep Breath. 2022; 26(2): 513–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02412-1Antonaglia C., Passuti G. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in non-obese patients. Sleep Breath. 2022; 26(2): 513–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02412-1Badran M., Gozal D. Intermittent hypoxia as a model of obstructive sleep apnea: present and future. Sleep Med. Clin. 2025; 20(1): 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2024.10.009Badran M., Gozal D. Intermittent hypoxia as a model of obstructive sleep apnea: present and future. Sleep Med. Clin. 2025; 20(1): 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2024.10.009Chen Y.F., Hang L.W., Huang C.S., Liang S.J., Chung W.S. Polysomnographic predictors of persistent continuous positive airway pressure adherence in patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 2015; 31(2): 83–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2014.11.004Chen Y.F., Hang L.W., Huang C.S., Liang S.J., Chung W.S. Polysomnographic predictors of persistent continuous positive airway pressure adherence in patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 2015; 31(2): 83–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2014.11.004Shine N.P., Coates H.L., Lannigan F.J. Obstructive sleep apnea, morbid obesity, and adenotonsillar surgery: a review of the literature. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2005; 69(11): 1475–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.08.008Shine N.P., Coates H.L., Lannigan F.J. Obstructive sleep apnea, morbid obesity, and adenotonsillar surgery: a review of the literature. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2005; 69(11): 1475–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.08.008Anderson N., Tran P. Obstructive sleep apnea. Prim. Care. 2025; 52(1): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2024.09.007Anderson N., Tran P. Obstructive sleep apnea. Prim. Care. 2025; 52(1): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2024.09.007Keenan B.T., Ye L., Pien G.W., Magalang U.J., Benediktsdottir B., Gislason T., et al. Symptom subtypes of obstructive sleep apnea 10 years later: past, present, and future. Sleep. 2025; 48(7): zsaf082. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf082Keenan B.T., Ye L., Pien G.W., Magalang U.J., Benediktsdottir B., Gislason T., et al. Symptom subtypes of obstructive sleep apnea 10 years later: past, present, and future. Sleep. 2025; 48(7): zsaf082. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf082Gaspar L.S., Pyakurel S., Xu N., D’Souza S.P., Koritala B.S.C. Circadian biology in obstructive sleep apnea-associated cardiovascular disease. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 2025; 202: 116–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2025.03.008Gaspar L.S., Pyakurel S., Xu N., D’Souza S.P., Koritala B.S.C. Circadian biology in obstructive sleep apnea-associated cardiovascular disease. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 2025; 202: 116–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2025.03.008Kashaninasab F., Khoozan M., Ghalebandi M.F., Alavi K. Comparison of subjective and objective sleep quality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Brain Behav. 2025; 15(8): e70759. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70759Kashaninasab F., Khoozan M., Ghalebandi M.F., Alavi K. Comparison of subjective and objective sleep quality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Brain Behav. 2025; 15(8): e70759. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70759Testone G., Fernandes M., Carpi M., Lupo C., Mercuri N.B., Liguori C. Obstructive sleep apnea may induce sleep-wake cycle dysregulation: An actigraphic study. J. Sleep Res. 2025; 34(1): e14273. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14273Testone G., Fernandes M., Carpi M., Lupo C., Mercuri N.B., Liguori C. Obstructive sleep apnea may induce sleep-wake cycle dysregulation: An actigraphic study. J. Sleep Res. 2025; 34(1): e14273. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14273Haim A., Daniel S., Hershkovitz E., Goldbart A.D., Tarasiuk A. Obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic disorders in morbidly obese adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021; 56(12): 3983–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25652Haim A., Daniel S., Hershkovitz E., Goldbart A.D., Tarasiuk A. Obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic disorders in morbidly obese adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021; 56(12): 3983–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25652Altree T.J., Bartlett D.J., Marshall N.S., Hoyos C.M., Phillips C.L., Birks C., et al. Predictors of weight loss in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2022; 26(2): 753–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02455-4Altree T.J., Bartlett D.J., Marshall N.S., Hoyos C.M., Phillips C.L., Birks C., et al. Predictors of weight loss in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2022; 26(2): 753–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02455-4Day K., Nguo K., Edwards B., O’Driscoll D., Young A., Haines T., et al. Body composition changes and their relationship with obstructive sleep apnoea symptoms, severity: The Sleeping Well Trial. Clin. Nutr. 2023; 42(9): 1661–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.006Day K., Nguo K., Edwards B., O’Driscoll D., Young A., Haines T., et al. Body composition changes and their relationship with obstructive sleep apnoea symptoms, severity: The Sleeping Well Trial. Clin. Nutr. 2023; 42(9): 1661–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.006Yook S., Park H.R., Seo D., Joo E.Y., Kim H. Obstructive sleep apnea subtyping based on apnea and hypopnea specific hypoxic burden is associated with brain aging and cardiometabolic syndrome. Comput. Biol. Med. 2025; 185: 109604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109604Yook S., Park H.R., Seo D., Joo E.Y., Kim H. Obstructive sleep apnea subtyping based on apnea and hypopnea specific hypoxic burden is associated with brain aging and cardiometabolic syndrome. Comput. Biol. Med. 2025; 185: 109604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109604

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.