rospedРоссийский педиатрический журнал имени М.Я. СтуденикинаM.Ya. Studenikin Russian Pediatric JournalФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России10.46563/1560-9561-2022-25-3-150-158vmbgwzrosped-324Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONSНейроэндокринная гиперплазия младенцев: 10 лет наблюденийNeuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy: 10-year observational studyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-9920СимоноваОльга ИгоревнаSimonovaOlga I.

Доктор. мед. наук, зав. пульмонологическим отд-нием ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России, проф. каф. педиатрии и детской ревматологии ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет).

e-mail: oisimonova@mail.ru

MD, PhD, DSci., Head of the Pulmonary Department of National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation. Professor of the Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Pediatrics of the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.

e-mail: oisimonova@mail.ru

oisimonova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7495-5294КрасюковаАнастасия АлександровнаKrasyukovaAnastasiya A.

Врач-педиатр пульмонологического отделения ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России.

e-mail: nastay198908@mail.ru

nastay198908@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4961-384XОвсянниковДмитрий ЮрьевичOvsyannikovDmitry Yu.

Доктор мед. наук, проф., зав. каф. педиатрии РУДН.

e-mail: mdovsyannikov@yahoo.com

mdovsyannikov@yahoo.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8165-6567СмирноваГалина ИвановнаSmirnovaGalina I.

Доктор мед. наук, проф. каф. педиатрии и детских инфекционных болезней ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет).

e-mail: gismirnova@yandex.ru

gismirnova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6875-7358МещеряковВиталий ВитальевичMeshcheryakovVitaly V.

Доктор мед. наук, проф., зав. каф. детских болезней медицинского института СурГУ.

e-mail: maryvitaly@yandex.ru

maryvitaly@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6668-0761КустоваОльга ВладимировнаKustovaOlga V.

Врач-рентгенолог отдела лучевой диагностики ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России.

e-mail: o.v.kustova@gmail.com

o.v.kustova@gmail.comБабаянАнна РобертовнаBabayanAnna R.

Врач-педиатр, зав. отделением неотложной педиатрии ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России.

e-mail: babayan@nczd.ru

babayan@nczd.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-3618СимоновМаксим ВикторовичSimonovMaksim V.

Врач-ординатор ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России.

e-mail: drsimonov@vk.com

drsimonov@vk.comФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияNational Medical Research Center for Children’s Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russian FederationRussian FederationФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава РоссииРоссияNational Medical Research Center for Children’s Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»РоссияRussian Peoples’ Friendship UniversityRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russian FederationRussian FederationБУВО ХМАО-Югры «Сургутский государственный университет»РоссияSurgut State UniversityRussian Federation202227092023253150158Copyright © Симонова О.И., Красюкова А.А., Овсянников Д.Ю., Смирнова Г.И., Мещеряков В.В., Кустова О.В., Бабаян А.Р., Симонов М.В., 20232023Симонова О.И., Красюкова А.А., Овсянников Д.Ю., Смирнова Г.И., Мещеряков В.В., Кустова О.В., Бабаян А.Р., Симонов М.В.Simonova O.I., Krasyukova A.A., Ovsyannikov D.Y., Smirnova G.I., Meshcheryakov V.V., Kustova O.V., Babayan A.R., Simonov M.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rosped.ru/jour/article/view/324

Цель — установление частоты нейроэндокринной гиперплазии младенцев (НЭГМ) в структуре хронических неспецифических заболеваний легких (ХНЗЛ) и определение особенностей клинической и инструментальной диагностики данного заболевания у пациентов, госпитализированных в пульмонологическое отделение в период с 2012 по 2021 г.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Лонгитудинальное несравнительное одноцентровое исследование 14 пациентов с НЭГМ, выделенных из гетерогенной группы интерстициальных заболеваний лёгких (ИЗЛ) у детей на основании выявления 3 из 4 признаков ИЗЛ-синдрома и наличия типичных компьютерно-томографических признаков заболевания, среди 2628 детей с ХНЗЛ. У всех пациентов с НЭГМ определяли частоту клинических и инструментальных проявлений по шкале, включающей 10 симптомов: появление симптомов в возрасте до 12 мес, задержка физического развития, отсутствие симптома «барабанных палочек», отсутствие кашля и свистящих хрипов (вне эпизодов респираторных инфекций), аномалии грудной клетки, влажные хрипы, гипоксемия, тахипноэ, втяжение уступчивых мест грудной клетки.

Результаты

Результаты. Установлено, что НЭГМ является редкой формой (0,53%) ХНЗЛ у детей. Клиническая шкала диагностики НЭГМ имеет практическое значение в ранней диагностике данного заболевания, её использование может сократить время до верификации диагноза НЭГМ, что ограничит использование препаратов, которые неэффективны при НЭГМ.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов:Симонова О.И., Овсянников Д.Ю. — концепция и дизайн исследования;Красюкова А.А., Симонов М.В., Бабаян А.Р., Кустова О.В. — сбор и обработка материала;Красюкова А.А., Симонов М.В. — статистическая обработка материала;Симонова О.И., Смирнова Г.И. — написание текста;Симонова О.И., Мещеряков В.В. — редактирование.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи. 

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов. 

Поступила 03

Поступила 03.06.2022Принята к печати 10.06.2022Опубликована 14.07.2022

The aim of the study is to establish the prevalence of neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI) in the structure of chronic lung diseases (CLD) and congenital lung malformations (CLM), clinical and instrumental diagnostics of these diseases in patients hospitalized at the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow over the period from 2012 to 2022.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. Longitudinal non comparative single-center study of fourteen NEHI patients, diagnosed on the basis of 3 out of 4 signs of childhood CHILD-syndrome and the presence of typical CT signs of diseases, CLD and CLM patients. In all NEHI patients, the prevalence of clinical and instrumental signs was determined according to the scale, which includes 10 signs: onset of signs before the age of 12 months, delayed physical development, absence of drumstick symptom, absence of cough and wheezing (apart from episodes of respiratory infections), chest abnormalities, crackles, hypoxemia, tachypnea, retraction.

Results

Results. NEHI is a rare (0.53%) CLD in infants. The clinical scale for the diagnosis of NEHI is of practical importance in the early diagnosis of diseases; its use can reduce the prescription of drugs that are not effective for NEHI.

Contribution

Contribution:Simonova O.I., Meshcheryakov V.V. — concept and design of the study;Krasyukova A.A., Simonov M.V., Babayan A.R., Kustova O.V. — data collection and processing;Krasyukova A.A., Simonov M.V. — statistical processing of the data;Simonova O.I., Smirnova G.I. — writing the text;Simonova O.I., Ovsyannikov D.Yu., Meshcheryakov V.V. — edi­ting.All co-authors — аpproval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Received

Received: June 03, 2022Accepted: June 10, 2022Published: July 14, 2022

нейроэндокринная гиперплазия младенцевхронические интерстициальные заболевания лёгкихперсистирующее тахипноэ младенцевдетиneuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancychronic lung diseasespersistent tachypnoe in infantsepidemiologydiagnosischildrenReferencesDas S., Langston C., Fan L.L.Interstitial lung disease in children. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2011; 23(3): 325-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/mop.0b013e3283464a37Das S., Langston C., Fan L.L. Interstitial lung disease in children. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2011; 23(3): 325–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/mop.0b013e3283464a37Länger F., Werlein C., Soudah B., Schwerk N., Jonigk D.Interstitial lung disease in infancy and early childhood. Pathologe. 2021; 42(1): 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-020-00884-8Länger F., Werlein C., Soudah B., Schwerk N., Jonigk D. Interstitial lung disease in infancy and early childhood. Pathologe. 2021; 42(1): 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-020-00884-8Carr L.L., Kern J.A., Deutsch G.H. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy. Clin. Chest Med. 2016; 37(3): 579-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2016.04.018Carr L.L., Kern J.A., Deutsch G.H. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy. Clin. Chest Med. 2016; 37(3): 579–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2016.04.018Овсянников Д.Ю., Беляшова М.А., Бойцова Е.В., Ашерова И.К., Бронин Г.О., Волков С.Н. и др. Нозологическая структура и особенности интерстициальных заболеваний легких у детей первых 2 лет жизни: результаты многоцентрового исследования. Неонатология: новости, мнения, обучение. 2018; 6(2): 93-104. https://doi.org/10.24411/2308-2402-2018-00022Ovsyannikov D.Yu., Belyashova M.A., Boytsova E.V., Asherova I.K., Bronin G.O., Volkov S.N., et al. The nosological structure and features of interstitial lung diseases in children during the first 2 years of life: results of a multicenter study. Neonatologiya: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie. 2018; 6(2): 93–104. https://doi.org/10.24411/2308-2402-2018-00022 (in Russian)Bradley B., Branley H.M., Egan J.J., Greaves M.S., Hansell D.M., Harrison N.K., et al.Interstitial lung disease guideline: the British Thoracic Society in collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society. Thorax. 2008; 63(Suppl. 5): v1-58. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2008.101691Bradley B., Branley H.M., Egan J.J., Greaves M.S., Hansell D.M., Harrison N.K., et al. Interstitial lung disease guideline: the British Thoracic Society in collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society. Thorax. 2008; 63(Suppl. 5): v1–58. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2008.101691Reyes L.J., Majó J., Perich D., Morell F. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia as an unusual form of interstitial lung disease. Respir. Med. 2007; 101(8): 1840-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.10.024Reyes L.J., Majó J., Perich D., Morell F. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia as an unusual form of interstitial lung disease. Respir. Med. 2007; 101(8): 1840–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.10.024Bush A., Gilbert C., Gregory J., Nicholson A.G., Semple T., Pabary R.Interstitial lung disease in infancy. Early Hum. Dev. 2020; 150: 105186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105186Bush A., Gilbert C., Gregory J., Nicholson A.G., Semple T., Pabary R. Interstitial lung disease in infancy. Early Hum. Dev. 2020; 150: 105186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105186Morgenthau A.S., Padilla M.L. Spectrum of fibrosing diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Mt Sinai J. Med. 2009; 76(1): 2-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/msj.20087Morgenthau A.S., Padilla M.L. Spectrum of fibrosing diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Mt Sinai J. Med. 2009; 76(1): 2–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/msj.20087Kerby G.S., Wagner B.D., Popler J., Hay T.C., Kopecky C., Wilcox S.L., et al. Abnormal infant pulmonary function in young children with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2013; 48(10): 1008-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.22718Kerby G.S., Wagner B.D., Popler J., Hay T.C., Kopecky C., Wilcox S.L., et al. Abnormal infant pulmonary function in young children with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2013; 48(10): 1008–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.22718Смирнов И.Е., Тарасова О.В., Лукина О.Ф., Кустова О.В., Сорокина Т.Е., Симонова О.И. Структурно-функциональное состояние легких при муковисцидозе у детей. Российский педиатрический журнал. 2015; 18(2): 11-7Smirnov I.E., Tarasova O.V., Lukina O.F., Kustova O.V., Sorokina T.E., Simonova O.I. Structural and functional state of the lungs in cystic fibrosis in children. Rossiyskiy pediatricheskiy zhurnal. 2015; 18(2): 11–7. (in Russian)Mastej E.J., DeBoer E.M., Humphries S.M., Cook M.C., Hunter K.S., Liptzin D.R., et al. Lung and airway shape in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Radiol. 2018; 48(12): 1745-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-018-4189-6Mastej E.J., DeBoer E.M., Humphries S.M., Cook M.C., Hunter K.S., Liptzin D.R., et al. Lung and airway shape in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Radiol. 2018; 48(12): 1745–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-018-4189-6Gomes V.C., Silva M.C., Maia Filho J.H., Daltro P., Ramos S.G., Brody A.S., et al. Diagnostic criteria and follow-up in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: a case series. J. Bras. Pneumol. 2013; 39(5): 569-78. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132013000500007Gomes V.C., Silva M.C., Maia Filho J.H., Daltro P., Ramos S.G., Brody A.S., et al. Diagnostic criteria and follow-up in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: a case series. J. Bras. Pneumol. 2013; 39(5): 569–78. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132013000500007Guiot J., Henket M., Frix A.N., Gester F., Thys M., Giltay L., et al.Combined obstructive airflow limitation associated with interstitial lung diseases (O-ILD): the bad phenotype? Respir. Res. 2022; 23(1): 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-022-02006-9Guiot J., Henket M., Frix A.N., Gester F., Thys M., Giltay L., et al. Combined obstructive airflow limitation associated with interstitial lung diseases (O-ILD): the bad phenotype? Respir. Res. 2022; 23(1): 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-022-02006-9Kurland G., Deterding R.R., Hagood J.S., Young L.R., Brody A.S., Castile R.G., et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: classification, evaluation, and management of childhood interstitial lung disease in infancy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013; 188(3): 376-94. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201305-0923STKurland G., Deterding R.R., Hagood J.S., Young L.R., Brody A.S., Castile R.G., et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: classification, evaluation, and management of childhood interstitial lung disease in infancy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013; 188(3): 376–94. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201305-0923STCinel G., Kiper N., Orhan D., Emiralioğlu N., Yalçın E., Doğru D., et al. Childhood diffuse parenchymal lung diseases: We need a new classification. Clin. Respir. J. 2020; 14(2): 102-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13106Cinel G., Kiper N., Orhan D., Emiralioğlu N., Yalçın E., Doğru D., et al. Childhood diffuse parenchymal lung diseases: We need a new classification. Clin. Respir. J. 2020; 14(2): 102–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13106Griese M. Etiologic classification of diffuse parenchymal (interstitial) lung diseases. J. Clin. Med. 2022; 11(6): 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061747Griese M. Etiologic classification of diffuse parenchymal (interstitial) lung diseases. J. Clin. Med. 2022; 11(6): 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061747Deutsch G.H., Young L.R., Deterding R.R., Fan L.L., Dell S.D., Bean J.A., et al. Diffuse lung disease in young children: application of a novel classification scheme. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 176(11): 1120-8. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200703-393OCDeutsch G.H., Young L.R., Deterding R.R., Fan L.L., Dell S.D., Bean J.A., et al. Diffuse lung disease in young children: application of a novel classification scheme. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 176(11): 1120–8. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200703-393OCSpielberg D., Moreno-McNeil D., Sockrider M. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI)/Hiperplasia de celulas neuroendocrina de la infancia (NEHI). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2021; 204(9): 15-6. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2046P15Spielberg D., Moreno-McNeil D., Sockrider M. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI)/Hiperplasia de celulas neuroendocrina de la infancia (NEHI). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2021; 204(9): 15–6. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2046P15Cutz E., Yeger H., Pan J. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell system in pediatric lung disease-recent advances. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 2007; 10(6): 419-35. https://doi.org/10.2350/07-04-0267.1Cutz E., Yeger H., Pan J. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell system in pediatric lung disease-recent advances. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 2007; 10(6): 419–35. https://doi.org/10.2350/07-04-0267.1Caimmi S., Licari A., Caimmi D., Rispoli A., Baraldi E., Calabrese F., et al. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: an unusual cause of hypoxemia in children. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2016; 42(1): 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-016-0295-yCaimmi S., Licari A., Caimmi D., Rispoli A., Baraldi E., Calabrese F., et al. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: an unusual cause of hypoxemia in children. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2016; 42(1): 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-016-0295-yRauch D., Wetzke M., Reu S., Wesselak W., Schams A., Hengst M., et al. Persistent tachypnea of infancy. Usual and aberrant. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 193(4): 438-47. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201508-1655OCRauch D., Wetzke M., Reu S., Wesselak W., Schams A., Hengst M., et al. Persistent tachypnea of infancy. Usual and aberrant. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 193(4): 438–47. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201508-1655OCLiu D., Tang Z., Qiu K., Bajinka O., Wang L., Qin L., et al. RSV Promotes epithelial neuroendocrine phenotype differentiation through NODAL signaling pathway. Biomed Res.Int. 2021; 2021: 9956078. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9956078Liu D., Tang Z., Qiu K., Bajinka O., Wang L., Qin L., et al. RSV Promotes epithelial neuroendocrine phenotype differentiation through NODAL signaling pathway. Biomed Res. Int. 2021; 2021: 9956078. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9956078Deterding R.R., Fan L.L., Morton R., Hay T.C., Langston C. Persistent tachypnea of infancy (PTI)-a new entity. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2001; (Suppl. 23): 72-3.Deterding R.R., Fan L.L., Morton R., Hay T.C., Langston C. Persistent tachypnea of infancy (PTI)-a new entity. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2001; (Suppl. 23): 72–3.Sorokin S.P., Hoyt R.F. Jr., Shaffer M.J. Ontogeny of neuroepithelial bodies: correlations with mitogenesis and innervation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 1997; 37(1): 43-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970401)37:1<43::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-xSorokin S.P., Hoyt R.F. Jr., Shaffer M.J. Ontogeny of neuroepithelial bodies: correlations with mitogenesis and innervation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 1997; 37(1): 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970401)37:1<43::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-xCutz E. Hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in infancy and childhood. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 2015; 32(6): 420-37. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semdp.2015.08.001Cutz E. Hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in infancy and childhood. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 2015; 32(6): 420–37. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semdp.2015.08.001Brouns I., Verckist L., Pintelon I., Timmermans J.P., Adriaensen D. Functional exploration of the pulmonary NEB ME. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 2021; 233: 31-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_4Brouns I., Verckist L., Pintelon I., Timmermans J.P., Adriaensen D. Functional exploration of the pulmonary NEB ME. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 2021; 233: 31–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_4Noguchi M., Furukawa K.T., Morimoto M. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells: physiology, tissue homeostasis and disease. Dis. Model Mech. 2020; 13(12): dmm046920. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.046920Noguchi M., Furukawa K.T., Morimoto M. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells: physiology, tissue homeostasis and disease. Dis. Model Mech. 2020; 13(12): dmm046920. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.046920Nevel R.J., Garnett E.T., Worrell J.A., Morton R.L., Nogee L.M., Blackwell T.S., et al. Persistent lung disease in adults with NKX2.1 mutation and familial neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2016; 13(8): 1299-304. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201603-155BCNevel R.J., Garnett E.T., Worrell J.A., Morton R.L., Nogee L.M., Blackwell T.S., et al. Persistent lung disease in adults with NKX2.1 mutation and familial neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2016; 13(8): 1299–304. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201603-155BCNevel R.J., Garnett E.T., Schaudies D.A., Young L.R. Growth trajectories and oxygen use in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2018; 53(5): 656-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23958Nevel R.J., Garnett E.T., Schaudies D.A., Young L.R. Growth trajectories and oxygen use in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2018; 53(5): 656–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23958Balinotti J.E., Maffey A., Colom A., Roldán O., Díaz W., Medín M., et al. Clinical, functional, and computed tomography findings in a cohort of patients with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2021; 56(6): 1681-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25319Balinotti J.E., Maffey A., Colom A., Roldán O., Díaz W., Medín M., et al. Clinical, functional, and computed tomography findings in a cohort of patients with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2021; 56(6): 1681–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25319Васильева Е.М., Смирнов И.Е., Фисенко А.П., Баканов М.И., Богатырева А.О., Смирнова Г.И. и др. Протеолитические ферменты и цитокины при хронической бронхолегочной патологии у детей. Российский педиатрический журнал. 2018; 21(6): 350-6. https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2018-21-6-350-356Vasil’eva E.M., Smirnov I.E., Fisenko A.P., Bakanov M.I., Bogatyreva A.O., Smirnova G.I., et al. Proteolytic enzymes and cytokines in chronic bronchopulmonary diseases in children. Rossiyskiy pediatricheskiy zhurnal. 2018; 21(6): 350–6. https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2018-21-6-350-356 (in Russian)Laenger F.P., Schwerk N., Dingemann J., Welte T., Auber B., Verleden S., et al.Interstitial lung disease in infancy and early childhood: a clinicopathological primer. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2022; 31(163): 210251. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0251-2021Laenger F.P., Schwerk N., Dingemann J., Welte T., Auber B., Verleden S., et al. Interstitial lung disease in infancy and early childhood: a clinicopathological primer. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2022; 31(163): 210251. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0251-2021Mouradian Jr G.C., Lakshminrusimha S., Konduri G.G. Perinatal hypoxemia and oxygen sensing.Compr. Physiol. 2021; 11(2): 1653-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c190046Mouradian Jr G.C., Lakshminrusimha S., Konduri G.G. Perinatal hypoxemia and oxygen sensing. Compr. Physiol. 2021; 11(2): 1653–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c190046Liptzin D.R., Pickett K., Brinton J.T., Agarwal A., Fishman M.P., Casey A., et al. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Clinical score and comorbidities. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2020; 17(6): 724-8. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201908-617OCLiptzin D.R., Pickett K., Brinton J.T., Agarwal A., Fishman M.P., Casey A., et al. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Clinical score and comorbidities. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2020; 17(6): 724–8. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201908-617OCSpielberg D.R., Brody A.S., Baker M.L., Woods J.C., Towe C.T. Ground-glass burden as a biomarker in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2019; 54(6): 822-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24301Spielberg D.R., Brody A.S., Baker M.L., Woods J.C., Towe C.T. Ground-glass burden as a biomarker in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2019; 54(6): 822–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24301Yoo H., Hino T., Hwang J., Franks T.J., Han J., Im Y., et al. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) and interstitial lung abnormality (ILA): Evolving concept of CT findings, pathology and management. Eur. J. Radiol. Open. 2022; 9: 100419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2022.100419Yoo H., Hino T., Hwang J., Franks T.J., Han J., Im Y., et al. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) and interstitial lung abnormality (ILA): Evolving concept of CT findings, pathology and management. Eur. J. Radiol. Open. 2022; 9: 100419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2022.100419El-Ali A.M., Strubel N.A., Lala S.V. Congenital lung lesions: a radiographic pattern approach. Pediatr. Radiol. 2022; 52(4): 622-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-021-05210-9El-Ali A.M., Strubel N.A., Lala S.V. Congenital lung lesions: a radiographic pattern approach. Pediatr. Radiol. 2022; 52(4): 622–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-021-05210-9Brody A.S., Guillerman R.P., Hay T.C., Wagner B.D., Young L.R., Deutsch G.H., et al. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: diagnosis with high-resolution CT. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2010; 194(1): 238-44. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.3385Brody A.S., Guillerman R.P., Hay T.C., Wagner B.D., Young L.R., Deutsch G.H., et al. Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: diagnosis with high-resolution CT. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2010; 194(1): 238–44. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.3385Murali Mohan B.V., Tousheed S.Z., Manjunath P.H., Ravichandra M.R., Ranganatha R., Annapandian V.M., et al. Multidisciplinary team obviates biopsy in most patients with diffuse parenchymal lung diseases - A retrospective study from India. Clin. Respir. J. 2021; 15(7): 761-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13358Murali Mohan B.V., Tousheed S.Z., Manjunath P.H., Ravichandra M.R., Ranganatha R., Annapandian V.M., et al. Multidisciplinary team obviates biopsy in most patients with diffuse parenchymal lung diseases – A retrospective study from India. Clin. Respir. J. 2021; 15(7): 761–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13358Pearce M.S., Salotti J.A., Little M.P., McHugh K., Lee C., Kim K.P., et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012; 380(9840): 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0Pearce M.S., Salotti J.A., Little M.P., McHugh K., Lee C., Kim K.P., et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012; 380(9840): 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0Hauptmann M., Daniels R.D., Cardis E., Cullings H.M., Kendall G., Laurier D., et al., Epidemiological studies of low-dose ionizing radiation and cancer: summary bias assessment and meta-analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2020; 2020(56): 188-200. https://doi.org/10.1093/jncimonographs/lgaa010Hauptmann M., Daniels R.D., Cardis E., Cullings H.M., Kendall G., Laurier D., et al., Epidemiological studies of low-dose ionizing radiation and cancer: summary bias assessment and meta-analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2020; 2020(56): 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/jncimonographs/lgaa010Berrington de Gonzalez A., Pasqual E., Veiga L. Epidemiological studies of CT scans and cancer risk: the state of the science. Br. J. Radiol. 2021; 94(1126): 20210471. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210471Berrington de Gonzalez A., Pasqual E., Veiga L. Epidemiological studies of CT scans and cancer risk: the state of the science. Br. J. Radiol. 2021; 94(1126): 20210471. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210471Armes J.E., Mifsud W., Ashworth M. Diffuse lung disease of infancy: a pattern-based, algorithmic approach to histological diagnosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 2015; 68(2): 100-10. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202685Armes J.E., Mifsud W., Ashworth M. Diffuse lung disease of infancy: a pattern-based, algorithmic approach to histological diagnosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 2015; 68(2): 100–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202685Chen X., Luo J., Yang L., Hou L., Jie B., Hu Y., et al. The diagnostic value of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy combined with rapid on-site evaluation in diffuse lung diseases: a prospective and self-controlled study. BMC Pulm. Med. 2022; 22(1): 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-022-01898-zChen X., Luo J., Yang L., Hou L., Jie B., Hu Y., et al. The diagnostic value of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy combined with rapid on-site evaluation in diffuse lung diseases: a prospective and self-controlled study. BMC Pulm. Med. 2022; 22(1): 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-022-01898-zОвсянников Д.Ю., Бойцова Е.В., Беляшова М.А., Ашерова И.К. Интерстициальные заболевания легких у младенцев. М.; 2014Ovsyannikov D.Yu., Boytsova E.V., Belyashova M.A., Asherova I.K. Interstitial Lung Disease in Infants [Interstitsial’nye zabolevaniya legkikh u mladentsev]. Moscow; 2014. (in Russian)Deterding R.R., DeBoer E.M., Cidon M.J., Robinson T.E., Warburton D., Deutsch G.H., et al. Approaching clinical trials in childhood interstitial lung disease and pediatric pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2019; 200(10): 1219-27. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201903-0544CIDeterding R.R., DeBoer E.M., Cidon M.J., Robinson T.E., Warburton D., Deutsch G.H., et al. Approaching clinical trials in childhood interstitial lung disease and pediatric pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2019; 200(10): 1219–27. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201903-0544CIMaret-Ouda J., Markar S.R., Lagergren J. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. JAMA. 2020; 324(24): 2565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.21573Maret-Ouda J., Markar S.R., Lagergren J. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. JAMA. 2020; 324(24): 2565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.21573Marczak H., Peradzyńska J., Seidl E., Griese M., Urbankowski T., Lange J., et al. The improved clinical course of persistent tachypnea of infancy with inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2021; 56(12): 3952-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25674Marczak H., Peradzyńska J., Seidl E., Griese M., Urbankowski T., Lange J., et al. The improved clinical course of persistent tachypnea of infancy with inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2021; 56(12): 3952–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25674Ahmed S., Handa R. Management of connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease. Curr. Pulmonol. Rep. 2022; 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13665-022-00290-wAhmed S., Handa R. Management of connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease. Curr. Pulmonol. Rep. 2022; 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13665-022-00290-wAlharbi S.A. Sr. Childhood interstitial lung disease in an immunocompetent patient without exposure. Cureus. 2022; 14(2): e22266. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22266Alharbi S.A. Sr. Childhood interstitial lung disease in an immunocompetent patient without exposure. Cureus. 2022; 14(2): e22266. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22266Lelii M., Patria M.F., Pinzani R., Tenconi R., Mori A., Bonelli N., et al. Role of high-resolution chest computed tomography in a child with persistent tachypnoea and intercostal retractions: a case report of neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017; 14(10): 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101113Lelii M., Patria M.F., Pinzani R., Tenconi R., Mori A., Bonelli N., et al. Role of high-resolution chest computed tomography in a child with persistent tachypnoea and intercostal retractions: a case report of neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017; 14(10): 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101113Ferraro V.A., Zanconato S., Zamunaro A., Carraro S. Children’s interstitial and diffuse lung diseases (ChILD) in 2020. Children (Basel). 2020; 7(12): 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120280Ferraro V.A., Zanconato S., Zamunaro A., Carraro S. Children’s interstitial and diffuse lung diseases (ChILD) in 2020. Children (Basel). 2020; 7(12): 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120280Vece T.J., Wambach J.A., Hagood J.S. Childhood rare lung disease in the 21st century: “-omics” technology advances accelerating discovery. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2020; 55(7): 1828-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24809Vece T.J., Wambach J.A., Hagood J.S. Childhood rare lung disease in the 21st century: “-omics” technology advances accelerating discovery. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2020; 55(7): 1828–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24809Griese M., Seidl E., Hengst M., Reu S., Rock H., Anthony G., et al.International management platform for children’s interstitial lung disease (chILD-EU). Thorax. 2018; 73(3): 231-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210519Griese M., Seidl E., Hengst M., Reu S., Rock H., Anthony G., et al. International management platform for children’s interstitial lung disease (chILD-EU). Thorax. 2018; 73(3): 231–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210519Houin P.R., Deterding R.R., Young L.R. Exacerbations in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy are characterized by increased air trapping. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2016; 51(3): E9-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23347Houin P.R., Deterding R.R., Young L.R. Exacerbations in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy are characterized by increased air trapping. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2016; 51(3): E9-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23347Смирнов И.Е., Кустова О.В., Сорокина Т.Е., Кучеренко А.Г. Маркеры фиброзирования при хронической бронхолегочной патологии у детей. Российский педиатрический журнал. 2015; 18(1): 14-20.Smirnov I.E., Kustova O.V., Sorokina T.E., Kucherenko A.G. Markers of fibrosis in chronic bronchopulmonary diseases in children. Rossiyskiy pediatricheskiy zhurnal. 2015; 18(1): 14–20. (in Russian)Васильева Е.М., Баканов М.И., Смирнов И.Е., Богатырёва А.О., Симонова О.И. Изменения содержания микроэлементов и параметров окислительного стресса у детей с хронической бронхолегочной патологией. Российский педиатрический журнал. 2017; 20(6): 339-45. https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2017-20-6-339-345Vasil’eva E.M., Bakanov M.I., Smirnov I.E., Bogatyreva A.O., Simonova O.I. Changes in the content of microelements and oxidative stress indices in children with chronic bronchopulmonary pathology. Rossiyskiy pediatricheskiy zhurnal. 2017; 20(6): 339–45. https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2017-20-6-339-345 (in Russian)Shah A.S., Black E.D., Simon D.M., Gambello M.J., Garber K.B., Iannucci G.J., et al. Heterogeneous pulmonary phenotypes in Filamin A mutation-related lung disease. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. Pulmonol. 2021; 34(1): 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1089/ped.2020.1280Shah A.S., Black E.D., Simon D.M., Gambello M.J., Garber K.B., Iannucci G.J., et al. Heterogeneous pulmonary phenotypes in Filamin A mutation-related lung disease. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. Pulmonol. 2021; 34(1): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1089/ped.2020.1280Seidl E., Carlens J., Schwerk N., Wetzke M., Marczak H., Lange J., et al. Persistent tachypnea of infancy: Follow up at school age. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2020; 55(11): 3119-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25004Seidl E., Carlens J., Schwerk N., Wetzke M., Marczak H., Lange J., et al. Persistent tachypnea of infancy: Follow up at school age. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2020; 55(11): 3119–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25004

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.