<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rosped</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский педиатрический журнал имени М.Я. Студеникина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>M.Ya. Studenikin Russian Pediatric Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><publisher><publisher-name>ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46563/1560-9561-2021-24-6-381-388</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">vxqgwj</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rosped-392</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности врождённого и инфантильного нефротического синдрома у российских детей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of congenital and infantile nephrotic syndrome in Russian children</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1615-2044</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Милованова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Milovanova</surname><given-names>Anastasiia M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-нефролог ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: milovanova.am@nczd.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, nephrologist, National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: milovanova.am@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">milovanova.am@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-331X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ананьин</surname><given-names>Петр Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ananin</surname><given-names>Petr V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, врач-нефролог, ст. науч. сотр. лаб. разработки новых технологий диагностики и лечения болезней детского возраста, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: ananin@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ananin@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3308-3039</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вашурина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Валериевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vashurina</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, врач-нефролог, ст. науч. сотр. лаб. разработки новых технологий диагностики и лечения болезней детского возраста, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава Росси</p><p>e-mail: vashurina@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vashurina@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-0956</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зробок</surname><given-names>Ольга Исофатовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zrobok</surname><given-names>Olga I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, врач-нефролог, ст. науч. сотр. лаб. разработки новых технологий диагностики и лечения болезней детского возраста, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: zrobok@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zrobok@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-5022</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ряпосова</surname><given-names>Алла Борисовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryaposova</surname><given-names>Alla B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, врач-нефролог, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: ryaposova.ab@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ryaposova.ab@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6648-2063</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пушков</surname><given-names>Александр Алексеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pushkov</surname><given-names>Alexandr A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, вед. науч. сотр. лаб. медицинской геномики, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: pushkov.aa@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pushkov.aa@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4885-4171</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савостьянов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Викторович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savostyanov</surname><given-names>Kirill V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, начальник лаб. медицинской геномики, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: savostyanov.kv@nczd.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">savostyanov.kv@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6301-9313</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыгин</surname><given-names>Алексей Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsygin</surname><given-names>Alexey N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, проф., руководитель НИИ детской нефроурологии, зав. нефрологическим отд-нием, ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России</p><p>e-mail: a_tsygin@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_tsygin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>381</fpage><lpage>388</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Милованова А.М., Ананьин П.В., Вашурина Т.В., Зробок О.И., Ряпосова А.Б., Пушков А.А., Савостьянов К.В., Цыгин А.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Милованова А.М., Ананьин П.В., Вашурина Т.В., Зробок О.И., Ряпосова А.Б., Пушков А.А., Савостьянов К.В., Цыгин А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Milovanova A.M., Ananin P.V., Vashurina T.V., Zrobok O.I., Ryaposova A.B., Pushkov A.A., Savostyanov K.V., Tsygin A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rosped.ru/jour/article/view/392">https://www.rosped.ru/jour/article/view/392</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Нефротический синдром (НC) с дебютом на 1-м году жизни является одной из актуальных проблем детской нефрологии из-за неэффективности иммуносупрессивной терапии и прогрессирования хронической болезни почек (ХБП). В основе врождённого (ВНС) и инфантильного (ИНС) НС лежит генетически обусловленная патология подоцитов, своевременная верификация которой позволяет избежать заведомо неэффективного лечения и способствует прогнозированию исходов.</p><p>Цель — определить клинические и молекулярно-генетические характеристики ВНС и ИНС у детей в России.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведено молекулярно-генетическое тестирование 99 детей с дебютом НС на 1-м году жизни.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У детей с ВНС и ИНС генетическая причина заболевания верифицирована в 85% случаев. Превалировали нуклеотидные варианты в генах NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1. Выявлены мажорные для российских детей нуклеотидные варианты. Дети с НС с ранним возрастом дебюта оказались резистентны к терапии ингибиторами кальциневрина, что следует учитывать при выборе тактики лечения.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Впервые установлена генетическая структура НС с ранним дебютом у детей в России. Проведён анализ эффективности терапии ингибиторами кальциневрина и скорости прогрессирования ХБП у данных пациентов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Милованова А.М., Цыгин А.Н., Савостьянов К.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования;Милованова А.М., Ананьин П.В. — сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка материала;Милованова А.М., Ананьин П.В., Вашурина Т.В. — написание текста;Пушков А.А., Зробок О.И., Ряпосова А.Б. — редактирование.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов. </p></sec><sec><title>Поступила 06</title><p>Поступила 06.12.2021Принята к печати 17.12.2021Опубликована 29.12.2021</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) with an onset in the first year of life is one of the actual problems in pediatric nephrology due to the limited therapeutic options, the ineffectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy, and inevitable progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The basis of congenital NS (CNS) and infantile NS (INS) is a genetically determined pathology of podocytes. The timely verification of such pathology allows avoiding ineffective therapy and helps to predict outcomes. Aim. To determine CNS and INS’s clinical and molecular genetic characteristics in Russian children.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. This study performed molecular genetic testing of 99 children with an early onset of NS.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In children with CNS and INS, the genetic cause of the disease was verified in 85%. Causative nucleotide variants prevailed in the NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1 genes. It became possible to identify the significant nucleotide variants for the Russian group of children. Children with NS at an early age turned out to be resistant to therapy with calcineurin inhibitors, which should be considered when choosing therapy tactics.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. We detected the genetic structure of congenital and infantile NS in the Russian Federation during the study. We analyzed the effectiveness of therapy with calcineurin inhibitors and the rate of CKD progression in this group.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Milovanova A.M., Tsygin A.N., Savostyanov K.V. — the concept and design of the study;Milovanova A.M., Ananin P.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;Milovanova A.M., Ananin P.V., Vashurina T.V. — text writing;Pushkov A.A., Zrobok O.I., Ryaposova A.B. — editing.All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: December 06, 2021Accepted: December 17, 2021Published: December 29, 2021</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>нефротический синдром</kwd><kwd>врождённый нефротический синдром</kwd><kwd>инфантильный нефротический синдром</kwd><kwd>подоцитопатия</kwd><kwd>генетические структуры</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы кальциневрина</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>nephrotic syndrome</kwd><kwd>congenital nephrotic syndrome</kwd><kwd>infantile nephrotic syndrome</kwd><kwd>podocytopathy</kwd><kwd>genetic nephrotic syndrome</kwd><kwd>calcineurin inhibitors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trautmann A., Lipska-Ziketkiewicz B.S., Schaefer F. Exploring the clinical and genetic spectrum of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome: The PodoNet registry. Front. Pediatr. 2018; 6: 200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trautmann A., Lipska-Ziketkiewicz B.S., Schaefer F. Exploring the clinical and genetic spectrum of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome: The PodoNet registry. Front. Pediatr. 2018; 6: 200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mekahli D., Liutkus A., Ranchin B., Yu A., Bessenay L., Girardin E., et al. Long-term outcome of idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a multicenter study. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2009; 24(8): 1525-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-009-1138-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mekahli D., Liutkus A., Ranchin B., Yu A., Bessenay L., Girardin E., et al. Long-term outcome of idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a multicenter study. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2009; 24(8): 1525–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-009-1138-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y., Shi Y., Ren R., Xie J., Wang W., Chen N. Advanced therapeutics in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2018; 23(Suppl. 4): 57-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.13463</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y., Shi Y., Ren R., Xie J., Wang W., Chen N. Advanced therapeutics in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrology (Carlton). 2018; 23(Suppl. 4): 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.13463</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сладков Д.Г., Савостьянов К.В., Цыгин А.Н., Пушков А.А., Жанин И.С., Никитин А.Г. и др. Новый метод молекулярно-генетической диагностики стероидрезистентного нефротического синдрома. Медицинская генетика. 2016; 15(5): 38-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sladkov D.G., Savost’yanov K.V., Tsygin A.N., Pushkov A.A., Zhanin I.S., Nikitin A.G., et al. New method of molecular and genetic diagnostics of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Meditsinskaya genetika. 2016; 15(5): 38–41. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыжкова О.П., Кардымон О.Л., Прохорчук Е.Б., Коновалов Ф.А., Масленников А.Б., Степанов В.А. и др. Руководство по интерпретации данных последовательности ДНК человека, полученных методами массового параллельного секвенирования (MPS): (редакция 2018, версия 2). Медицинская генетика. 2019; 18(2): 3-23. https://doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2019.02.3-23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryzhkova O.P., Kardymon O.L., Prokhorchuk E.B., Konovalov F.A., Maslennikov A.B., Stepanov V.A., et al. Guidelines for the interpretation of massive parallel sequencing variants (update 2018, v2). Meditsinskaya genetika. 2019; 18(2): 3–23. https://doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2019.02.3-23 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лойманн Э., Цыгин А.Н., Саркисян А.А. Детская нефрология: практическое руководство. М.: ЛитТера; 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loymann E., Tsygin A.N., Sarkisyan A.A. Pediatric Nephrology: A Practical Guide [Detskaya nefrologiya: prakticheskoe rukovodstvo]. Moscow: LitTera; 2010. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kari J.A., Montini G., Bockenhauer D., Brennan E., Rees L., Trompeter R.S., et al. Clinico-pathological correlations of congenital and infantile nephrotic syndrome over twenty years. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2014; 29(11): 2173-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2856-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kari J.A., Montini G., Bockenhauer D., Brennan E., Rees L., Trompeter R.S., et al. Clinico-pathological correlations of congenital and infantile nephrotic syndrome over twenty years. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2014; 29(11): 2173–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2856-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bierzynska A., McCarthy H.J., Soderquest K., Sen E.S., Colby E., Ding W.Y., et al. Genomic and clinical profiling of a national nephrotic syndrome cohort advocates a precision medicine approach to disease management. Kidney Int. 2017; 91(4): 937-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bierzynska A., McCarthy H.J., Soderquest K., Sen E.S., Colby E., Ding W.Y., et al. Genomic and clinical profiling of a national nephrotic syndrome cohort advocates a precision medicine approach to disease management. Kidney Int. 2017; 91(4): 937–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machuca E., Benoit G., Nevo F., Tete M.G., Gribouval O., Pawtowski A., et al. Genotype-phenotype correlations in non-Finnish congenital nephrotic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2010; 21(7): 1209-17. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009121309</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machuca E., Benoit G., Nevo F., Tete M.G., Gribouval O., Pawtowski A., et al. Genotype-phenotype correlations in non-Finnish congenital nephrotic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2010; 21(7): 1209–17. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009121309</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hinkes B.G., Mucha B., Vlangos C.N., Gbadegesin R., Liu J., Hasselbacher K., et al. Nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life: two thirds of cases are caused by mutations in 4 Genes (NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1 and LAMB2). Pediatrics. 2007; 119(4): e907-19. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2164</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hinkes B.G., Mucha B., Vlangos C.N., Gbadegesin R., Liu J., Hasselbacher K., et al. Nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life: two thirds of cases are caused by mutations in 4 Genes (NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1 and LAMB2). Pediatrics. 2007; 119(4): e907–19. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2164</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharief S.N., Hefni N.A., Alzahrani W.A., Nazer I.I., Bayazeed M.A., Alhasan K.A., et al. Genetics of congenital and infantile nephrotic syndrome. World J. Pediatr. 2019; 15(2): 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-018-00224-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharief S.N., Hefni N.A., Alzahrani W.A., Nazer I.I., Bayazeed M.A., Alhasan K.A., et al. Genetics of congenital and infantile nephrotic syndrome. World J. Pediatr. 2019; 15(2): 198–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-018-00224-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trautmann A., Bodria M., Ozaltin F., Gheisari A., Melk A., Azocar M., et al. Spectrum of steroid-resistant and congenital nephrotic syndrome in children: the PodoNet registry cohort. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2015; 10(4): 592-600. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.06260614</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trautmann A., Bodria M., Ozaltin F., Gheisari A., Melk A., Azocar M., et al. Spectrum of steroid-resistant and congenital nephrotic syndrome in children: the PodoNet registry cohort. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2015; 10(4): 592–600. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.06260614</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sako M., Nakanishi K., Obana M., Yata N., Hoshii S., Takahashi S., et al. Analysis of NPHS1, NPHS2, ACTN4, and WT1 in Japanese patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 2005; 67(4): 1248-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00202.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sako M., Nakanishi K., Obana M., Yata N., Hoshii S., Takahashi S., et al. Analysis of NPHS1, NPHS2, ACTN4, and WT1 in Japanese patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 2005; 67(4): 1248–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00202.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCarthy H.J., Bierzynska A., Wherlock M., Ognjanovic M., Kerecuk L., Hegde S., et al. Simultaneous sequencing of 24 genes associated with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013; 8(4): 637-48. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07200712</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCarthy H.J., Bierzynska A., Wherlock M., Ognjanovic M., Kerecuk L., Hegde S., et al. Simultaneous sequencing of 24 genes associated with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2013; 8(4): 637–48. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07200712</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tikhomirov E., Averyanova N., Bayazutdinova G., Voznesenskaya T., Tsygin A. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: NPHS2. Disease: steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Hum. Genet. 2007; 122(5): 549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-007-0423-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tikhomirov E., Averyanova N., Bayazutdinova G., Voznesenskaya T., Tsygin A. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: NPHS2. Disease: steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Hum. Genet. 2007; 122(5): 549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-007-0423-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bouchireb K., Boyer O., Gribouval O., Nevo F., Huynh-Cong E., Moriniere V., et al. PHS2 mutations in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a mutation update and the associated phenotypic spectrum. Hum. Mutat. 2014; 35(2): 178-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.22485</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bouchireb K., Boyer O., Gribouval O., Nevo F., Huynh-Cong E., Moriniere V., et al. PHS2 mutations in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a mutation update and the associated phenotypic spectrum. Hum. Mutat. 2014; 35(2): 178–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.22485</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lipska B.S., Balasz-Chmielewska I., Morzuch L., Wasielewski K., Vetter D., Borzecka H., et al. Mutational analysis in podocin-associated hereditary nephrotic syndrome in Polish patients: founder effect in the Kashubian population. J. Appl. Genet. 2013; 54(2): 327-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-013-0147-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipska B.S., Balasz-Chmielewska I., Morzuch L., Wasielewski K., Vetter D., Borzecka H., et al. Mutational analysis in podocin-associated hereditary nephrotic syndrome in Polish patients: founder effect in the Kashubian population. J. Appl. Genet. 2013; 54(2): 327–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-013-0147-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kerti A., Csohány R., Szabó A., Árkossy O., Sallay P., Moriniére V., et al. NPHS2 p.V290M mutation in late-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2013; 28(5): 751-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-012-2379-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kerti A., Csohány R., Szabó A., Árkossy O., Sallay P., Moriniére V., et al. NPHS2 p.V290M mutation in late-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2013; 28(5): 751–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-012-2379-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karle S.M., Uetz B., Ronner V., Glaeser L., Hildebrandt F., Fuchshuber A. Novel mutations in NPHS2 detected in both familial and sporadic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2002; 13(2): 388-93. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V132388</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karle S.M., Uetz B., Ronner V., Glaeser L., Hildebrandt F., Fuchshuber A. Novel mutations in NPHS2 detected in both familial and sporadic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2002; 13(2): 388–93. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V132388</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cil O., Besbas N., Duzova A., Topaloglu R., Peco-Antić A., Korkmaz E., et al. Genetic abnormalities and prognosis in patients with congenital and infantile nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2015; 30(8): 1279-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3058-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cil O., Besbas N., Duzova A., Topaloglu R., Peco-Antić A., Korkmaz E., et al. Genetic abnormalities and prognosis in patients with congenital and infantile nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2015; 30(8): 1279–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3058-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozaltin F., Heeringa S., Poyraz C.E., Bilginer Y., Kadayifcilar S., Besbas N., et al. Eye involvement in children with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2008; 23(3): 421-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-007-0695-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozaltin F., Heeringa S., Poyraz C.E., Bilginer Y., Kadayifcilar S., Besbas N., et al. Eye involvement in children with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2008; 23(3): 421–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-007-0695-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Büscher A.K., Beck B.B., Melk A., Hoefele J., Kranz B., Bamborschke D., et al. Rapid response to cyclosporin A and favorable renal outcome in nongenetic versus genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2016; 11(2): 245-53. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07370715</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Büscher A.K., Beck B.B., Melk A., Hoefele J., Kranz B., Bamborschke D., et al. Rapid response to cyclosporin A and favorable renal outcome in nongenetic versus genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2016; 11(2): 245–53. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07370715</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faul C., Donnelly M., Merscher-Gomez S., Chang Y.H., Franz S., Delfgaauw J., et al. The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A. Nat. Med. 2008; 14(9): 931-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.1857</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faul C., Donnelly M., Merscher-Gomez S., Chang Y.H., Franz S., Delfgaauw J., et al. The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A. Nat. Med. 2008; 14(9): 931–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.1857</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gipson D.S., Trachtman H., Kaskel F.J., Greene T.H., Radeva M.K., Gassman J.J., et al. Clinical trial of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children and young adults. Kidney Int. 2011; 80(8): 868-78. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.195</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gipson D.S., Trachtman H., Kaskel F.J., Greene T.H., Radeva M.K., Gassman J.J., et al. Clinical trial of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children and young adults. Kidney Int. 2011; 80(8): 868–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.195</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadowski C.E., Lovric S., Ashraf S., Pabst W.L., Gee H.Y., Kohl S., et al. A single-gene cause in 29.5% of cases of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2015; 26(6): 1279-89. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014050489</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadowski C.E., Lovric S., Ashraf S., Pabst W.L., Gee H.Y., Kohl S., et al. A single-gene cause in 29.5% of cases of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2015; 26(6): 1279–89. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014050489</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klaassen I., Özgören B., Sadowski C.E., Möller K., van Husen M., Lehnhardt A., et al. Response to cyclosporine in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: discontinuation is possible. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2015; 30(9): 1477-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3109-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klaassen I., Özgören B., Sadowski C.E., Möller K., van Husen M., Lehnhardt A., et al. Response to cyclosporine in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: discontinuation is possible. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2015; 30(9): 1477–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3109-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
