rospedРоссийский педиатрический журнал имени М.Я. СтуденикинаM.Ya. Studenikin Russian Pediatric JournalФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей» Минздрава России10.46563/1560-9561-2023-26-1-67-74ihkgwerosped-40Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSСовременные аспекты хеликобактерной инфекцииModern aspects of Helicobacter pylori infectionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1613-6610ЯковлеваНаталья ВладимировнаYakovlevaNataliya V.

Студентка ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет).

e-mail:  yakovleva198@gmail.com

yakovleva198@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8165-6567СмирноваГалина ИвановнаSmirnovaGalina I.

Доктор мед. наук, проф. кафедры педиатрии и детских инфекционных болезней ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет).

e-mail: gismirnova@yandex.ru

MD, PhD, DSci., Professor at the Department of pediatrics and children’s infectious diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.

e-mail: gismirnova@yandex.ru

gismirnova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9087-1656КорсунскийАнатолий АлександровичKorsunskyAnatoliy A.

Доктор мед. наук, проф., зав. каф. педиатрии и детских инфекционных болезней ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет).

noemail@neicon.ruФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)2023070920232616774Copyright © Яковлева Н.В., Смирнова Г.И., Корсунский А.А., 20232023Яковлева Н.В., Смирнова Г.И., Корсунский А.А.Yakovleva N.V., Smirnova G.I., Korsunsky A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rosped.ru/jour/article/view/40

Представлен систематический обзор современных данных о структуре и функциях Helicobacter pylori (Hp), патогенезе, диагностике и лечении Hp-инфекции. Актуальность темы хеликобактериоза обусловлена доказанной связью этой инфекции с хроническими, широко распространёнными среди населения заболеваниями органов пищеварения. В обзоре использовались материалы баз данных PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, РИНЦ. Систематический обзор, основанный на исследованиях с высокой степенью доказательности, показал значительный прогресс в диагностике и лечении Hp-инфекции в последние годы у взрослых и детей. Координация научного поиска закономерностей формирования Hp-ассоциированных форм патологии, непрерывное совершенствование технологий диагностики и поиск новых средств терапии, периодические хорошо организованные международные пересмотры стандартных методов диагностики и лечения Hp-инфекции способствуют созданию эффективных методов эрадикации Hp, сохранению оптимального состава микробиоты желудочно-кишечного тракта и профилактике резистентности к антибиотикам. Особое значение для предупреждения осложнений Hp-инфекции имеют оригинальные алгоритмы диагностики с использованием специализированных эндоскопических и молекулярных технологий до и после эрадикации Hp при длительном наблюдении и определение ведущих факторов, коррелирующих с высоким риском развития рака желудка. Обзор свидетельствует о появлении потенциально эффективных и перспективных направлений диагностики и лечения Hp-инфекции, в том числе генетической модификации генома Нр для обеспечения её существования как симбионта человека и значимого уменьшения её патогенных свойств. При этом секвенирование нового поколения выявляет мутации в генах Hp, связанные с её патогенностью и устойчивостью к антибиотикам, что способствует созданию новых классов лекарственных средств для повышения эффективности эрадикации Hp с уменьшением доли антибиотиков и увеличением патогенетически значимых ингибиторов её патогенных факторов для профилактики побочных эффектов, существенного уменьшения эмпирического применения нескольких антибиотиков и повышения комплаентности к лечению. 

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Смирнова Г.И., Корсунский А.А. — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование; Смирнова Г.И., Яковлева Н.В. — сбор и обработка материала, написание текста.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов. 

Поступила 15

Поступила 15.12.2022Принята к печати 17.01.2023Опубликована 28.02.2023

A systematic review of current data on the structure and functions of Helicobacter pylori (Hp), pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Hp-infection is presented. The relevance of the topic of helicobacteriosis is due to the proven connection of this infection with chronic, widespread diseases of the digestive organs among the population. The review used materials from the databases including PubМed, Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, RSCI. A systematic review based on studies with a high degree of evidence has shown significant progress in the diagnosis and treatment of Hp-infection in recent years in adults and children. Coordination of the scientific search for the regularities of the formation of Hp-associated forms of pathology, continuous improvement of diagnostic technologies and the search for new therapies, periodic well-organized international revisions of standard methods of Hp diagnosis and treatment contribute to the creation of effective methods of Hp eradication, preservation of the optimal composition of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and prevention of antibiotic resistance. Of particular importance for the prevention of complications of Hp-infection are original diagnostic algorithms using specialized endoscopic and molecular technologies before and after Hp eradication with long-term follow-up and the determination of the leading factors correlating with a high risk of stomach cancer. The review indicates the emergence of potentially effective and promising areas for the diagnosis and treatment of Hp-infection, including genetic modification of the Hp genome to ensure its existence as a human symbiont and a significant reduction in its pathogenic properties. At the same time, sequencing of a new generation reveals mutations in Hp genes associated with its pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance, which contributes to the creation of new classes of drugs to increase the effectiveness of Hp eradication with a decrease in the proportion of antibiotics and an increase in pathogenetically significant inhibitors of its pathogenic factors for the prevention of side effects, a significant reduction in the empirical use of several antibiotics and increased compliance to treatment. 

Contributions

Contributions: Smirnova G.I., Korsunsky A.A. — concept and design of the study;Smirnova G.I., Yakovleva N.V. — collection and processing of material, writing text;Smirnova G.I., Korsunsky A.A. — editing.All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the stability of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received

Received: December 15, 2022Accepted: January 17, 2023Published: February 28, 2023

систематический обзорхеликобактерная инфекциягастритязвенная болезньрак желудкамикробиота желудка и кишечникадиагностика хеликобактерной инфекциитерапия хеликобактерной инфекцииэффективность эрадикацииsystematic reviewhelicobacter infectiongastritispeptic ulcerstomach cancerstomach and intestinal microbiotadiagnosis of helicobacter infectiontherapy of helicobacter infectioneradication efficiencyReferencesHooi J.K., Lai W.Y., Ng W.K., Suen M.M., Underwood F.E., Tanyingoh D., et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017; 153(2): 420–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022Hooi J.K., Lai W.Y., Ng W.K., Suen M.M., Underwood F.E., Tanyingoh D., et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017; 153(2): 420–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022Testerman T.L., Morris J. Beyond the stomach: An updated view of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(36): 12781–808. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12781Testerman T.L., Morris J. Beyond the stomach: An updated view of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(36): 12781–808. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12781Venneman K., Huybrechts I., Gunter M.J., Vandendaele L., Herrero R., Van Herck K. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in Europe and the impact of lifestyle on its natural evolution toward stomach cancer after infection: A systematic review. Helicobacter. 2018; 23(3): e12483. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12483Venneman K., Huybrechts I., Gunter M.J., Vandendaele L., Herrero R., Van Herck K. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in Europe and the impact of lifestyle on its natural evolution toward stomach cancer after infection: A systematic review. Helicobacter. 2018; 23(3): e12483. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12483Kotilea K., Bontems P., Touati E. Epidemiology, diagnosis and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2019; 1149: 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_357Kotilea K., Bontems P., Touati E. Epidemiology, diagnosis and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2019; 1149: 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_357Sukri A., Hanafiah A., Mohamad Zin N., Kosai N.R. Epidemiology and role of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors in gastric cancer carcinogenesis. APMIS. 2020; 128(2): 150–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.13034Sukri A., Hanafiah A., Mohamad Zin N., Kosai N.R. Epidemiology and role of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors in gastric cancer carcinogenesis. APMIS. 2020; 128(2): 150–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.13034Borka Balas R., Meliț L.E., Mărginean C.O. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Children (Basel). 2022; 9(9): 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091359Borka Balas R., Meliț L.E., Mărginean C.O. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Children (Basel). 2022; 9(9): 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091359Ren S., Cai P., Liu Y., Wang T., Zhang Y., Li Q., et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022; 37(3): 464–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15751Ren S., Cai P., Liu Y., Wang T., Zhang Y., Li Q., et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022; 37(3): 464–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15751Goh K.L., Chan W.K., Shiota S., Yamaoka Y. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications. Helicobacter. 2011; 16(Suppl. 01): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.xGoh K.L., Chan W.K., Shiota S., Yamaoka Y. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications. Helicobacter. 2011; 16(Suppl. 01): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.xShah S.C., Iyer P.G., Moss S.F. AGA Clinical practice update on the management of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2021; 160(5): 1831–41. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.059Shah S.C., Iyer P.G., Moss S.F. AGA Clinical practice update on the management of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2021; 160(5): 1831–41. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.059Бельмер С.В., Корниенко Е.А., Волынец Г.В., Гурова М.М., Звягин А.А., Камалова А.А. и др. Диагностика и лечение хеликобактерной инфекции у детей. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2021; (9): 119–27. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-193-9-119-127Bel’mer S.V., Kornienko E.A., Volynets G.V., Gurova M.M., Zvyagin A.A., Kamalova A.A., et al. Diagnostics and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya. 2021; (9): 119–27. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-193-9-119-127 (in Russian)Song Z., Chen Y., Lu H., Zeng Z., Wang W., Liu X., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection by physicians in China: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Helicobacter. 2022; 27(3): e12889. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12889Song Z., Chen Y., Lu H., Zeng Z., Wang W., Liu X., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection by physicians in China: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Helicobacter. 2022; 27(3): e12889. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12889Лазебник Л.Б., Бордин Д.С., Дехнич Н.Н., Козлов Р.С., Ливзан М.А., Лялюкова Е.А. и др. Необходимость усиления мер по диагностике и лечению хеликобактерной инфекции в России. Меморандум. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2021; (3): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-187-3-83-96Lazebnik L.B., Bordin D.S., Dekhnich N.N., Kozlov R.S., Livzan M.A., Lyalyukova E.A., et al. The need to strengthen measures for the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Russia. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya. 2021; (3): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-187-3-83-96 (in Russian)Roberts L.T., Issa P.P., Sinnathamby E.S., Granier M., Mayeux H., Eubanks T.N., et al. Helicobacter pylori: a review of current treatment options in clinical practice. Life (Basel). 2022; 12(12): 2038. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122038Roberts L.T., Issa P.P., Sinnathamby E.S., Granier M., Mayeux H., Eubanks T.N., et al. Helicobacter pylori: a review of current treatment options in clinical practice. Life (Basel). 2022; 12(12): 2038. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122038Weyermann M., Adler G., Brenner H., Rothenbacher D. The mother as source of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiology. 2006; 17(3): 332–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000201257.31155.a0Weyermann M., Adler G., Brenner H., Rothenbacher D. The mother as source of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiology. 2006; 17(3): 332–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000201257.31155.a0Mladenova I., Durazzo M. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori. Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol. 2018; 64(3): 251–4. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1121-421X.18.02480-7Mladenova I., Durazzo M. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori. Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol. 2018; 64(3): 251–4. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1121-421X.18.02480-7Violeta Filip P., Cuciureanu D., Sorina Diaconu L., Maria Vladareanu A., Silvia Pop C. MALT lymphoma: epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and treatment. J. Med. Life. 2018; 11(3): 187–93. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2018-0035Violeta Filip P., Cuciureanu D., Sorina Diaconu L., Maria Vladareanu A., Silvia Pop C. MALT lymphoma: epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and treatment. J. Med. Life. 2018; 11(3): 187–93. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2018-0035Ahmadi Hedayati M., Khani D., Sheikhesmaeili F., Nouri B. ptk2 and mt2a genes expression in gastritis and gastric cancer patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022; 2022: 8699408. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8699408Ahmadi Hedayati M., Khani D., Sheikhesmaeili F., Nouri B. ptk2 and mt2a genes expression in gastritis and gastric cancer patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022; 2022: 8699408. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8699408Santos M.L.C., de Brito B.B., da Silva F.A.F., Sampaio M.M., Marques H.S., Oliveira E., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: Beyond gastric manifestations. World J. Gastroenterol. 2020; 26(28): 4076–93. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i28.4076Santos M.L.C., de Brito B.B., da Silva F.A.F., Sampaio M.M., Marques H.S., Oliveira E., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: Beyond gastric manifestations. World J. Gastroenterol. 2020; 26(28): 4076–93. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i28.4076Wong F., Rayner-Hartley E., Byrne M.F. Extraintestinal manifestations of Helicobacter pylori: a concise review. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(34): 11950–61. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.11950Wong F., Rayner-Hartley E., Byrne M.F. Extraintestinal manifestations of Helicobacter pylori: a concise review. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(34): 11950–61. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.11950Lee Y.C., Chiang T.H., Chou C.K., Tu Y.K., Liao W.C., Wu M.S., et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2016; 150(5): 1113–24.e5. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.028Lee Y.C., Chiang T.H., Chou C.K., Tu Y.K., Liao W.C., Wu M.S., et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2016; 150(5): 1113–24.e5. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.028Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1988; 48(13): 3554–60.Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1988; 48(13): 3554–60.Mao X.Y., Xu S.F., Liu Q., Jiang J.X., Zhang H.H., Sang H.M., et al. Anatomical predilection of intestinal metaplasia based on 78,335 endoscopic cases. Saudi J. Gastroenterol. 2016; 22(2): 154–60. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.178528Mao X.Y., Xu S.F., Liu Q., Jiang J.X., Zhang H.H., Sang H.M., et al. Anatomical predilection of intestinal metaplasia based on 78,335 endoscopic cases. Saudi J. Gastroenterol. 2016; 22(2): 154–60. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.178528Mera R.M., Bravo L.E., Camargo M.C., Bravo J.C., Delgado A.G., Romero-Gallo J., et al. Dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection as a determinant of progression of gastric precancerous lesions: 16-year follow-up of an eradication trial. Gut. 2018; 67(7): 1239–46. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311685Mera R.M., Bravo L.E., Camargo M.C., Bravo J.C., Delgado A.G., Romero-Gallo J., et al. Dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection as a determinant of progression of gastric precancerous lesions: 16-year follow-up of an eradication trial. Gut. 2018; 67(7): 1239–46. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311685Евсютина Ю.В. Эрадикация H. pylori: современный взгляд на старую проблему. Русский Медицинский Журнал. 2016; 24(11): 673–7.Evsyutina Yu.V. Eradication of H. pylori: a modern solution for an old problem. Russkiy Meditsinskiy Zhurnal. 2016; (11): 673–7. (in Russian)Marshall B.J., Warren J.R. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984; 1(8390): 1311–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6Marshall B.J., Warren J.R. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984; 1(8390): 1311–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6Malfertheiner P., Megraud F., Rokkas T., Gisbert J.P., Liou J.M., Schulz C., et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report. Gut. 2022; 71(9): 1724–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745Malfertheiner P., Megraud F., Rokkas T., Gisbert J.P., Liou J.M., Schulz C., et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report. Gut. 2022; 71(9): 1724–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745Jones N.L., Koletzko S., Goodman K., Bontems P., Cadranel S., Casswall T., et al. Joint ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori in children and adolescents. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2017; 64(6): 1–1003. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001594Jones N.L., Koletzko S., Goodman K., Bontems P., Cadranel S., Casswall T., et al. Joint ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori in children and adolescents. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2017; 64(6): 1–1003. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001594Goodwin C.S., Worsley B.W. Microbiology of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 1993; 22(1): 5–19.Goodwin C.S., Worsley B.W. Microbiology of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 1993; 22(1): 5–19.Chonwerawong M., Ferrero R.L. Analysis of innate immune responses to Helicobacter pylori. Methods. Mol. Biol. 2021; 2283: 191–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1302-3_17Chonwerawong M., Ferrero R.L. Analysis of innate immune responses to Helicobacter pylori. Methods. Mol. Biol. 2021; 2283: 191–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1302-3_17De Falco M., Lucariello A., Iaquinto S., Esposito V., Guerra G., De Luca A. Molecular mechanism of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. J. Cell Physiol. 2015; 230(8): 1702–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24933De Falco M., Lucariello A., Iaquinto S., Esposito V., Guerra G., De Luca A. Molecular mechanism of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. J. Cell Physiol. 2015; 230(8): 1702–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24933Jeyamani L., Jayarajan J., Leelakrishnan V., Swaminathan M. CagA and VacA genes of Helicobacter pylori and their clinical relevance. Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol. 2018; 61(1): 66–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_234_17Jeyamani L., Jayarajan J., Leelakrishnan V., Swaminathan M. CagA and VacA genes of Helicobacter pylori and their clinical relevance. Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol. 2018; 61(1): 66–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_234_17FitzGerald R., Sinha C., Yadegar A., Smith S.M. Helicobacter pylori virulence factor genotyping. Methods Mol. Biol. 2021; 2283: 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1302-3_11FitzGerald R., Sinha C., Yadegar A., Smith S.M. Helicobacter pylori virulence factor genotyping. Methods Mol. Biol. 2021; 2283: 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1302-3_11Hathroubi S., Servetas S.L., Windham I., Merrell D.S., Ottemann K.M. Helicobacter pylori biofilm formation and its potential role in pathogenesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2018; 82(2): e00001–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00001-18Hathroubi S., Servetas S.L., Windham I., Merrell D.S., Ottemann K.M. Helicobacter pylori biofilm formation and its potential role in pathogenesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2018; 82(2): e00001–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00001-18Engstrand L., Graham D.Y. Microbiome and gastric cancer. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2020; 65(3): 865–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06101-zEngstrand L., Graham D.Y. Microbiome and gastric cancer. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2020; 65(3): 865–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06101-zLeal Y.A., Flores L.L., Fuentes-Pananá E.M., Cedillo-Rivera R., Torres J. 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2011; 16(4): 327–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00863.xLeal Y.A., Flores L.L., Fuentes-Pananá E.M., Cedillo-Rivera R., Torres J. 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2011; 16(4): 327–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00863.xJambi L.K. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the sensitivity and specificity of 13C/14C-urea breath tests in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Diagnostics. 2022; 12: 2428. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102428Jambi L.K. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the sensitivity and specificity of 13C/14C-urea breath tests in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Diagnostics. 2022; 12: 2428. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102428Makristathis A., Hirschl A.M., Mégraud F., Bessède E. Review: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2019; 24(1): e12641. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12641Makristathis A., Hirschl A.M., Mégraud F., Bessède E. Review: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2019; 24(1): e12641. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12641Godbole G., Mégraud F., Bessède E. Review: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2020; 25(Suppl. 1): e12735. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12735Godbole G., Mégraud F., Bessède E. Review: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2020; 25(Suppl. 1): e12735. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12735Sabbagh P., Javanian M., Koppolu V., Vasigala V.R., Ebrahimpour S. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: an overview of diagnostic methods. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2019; 38(6): 1035–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03502-5Sabbagh P., Javanian M., Koppolu V., Vasigala V.R., Ebrahimpour S. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: an overview of diagnostic methods. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2019; 38(6): 1035–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03502-5Cardos A.I., Maghiar A., Zaha D.C., Pop O., Fritea L., Groza F.M., et al. Evolution of diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori infections: From traditional tests to high technology, advanced sensitivity and discrimination tools. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022; 12(2): 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020508Cardos A.I., Maghiar A., Zaha D.C., Pop O., Fritea L., Groza F.M., et al. Evolution of diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori infections: From traditional tests to high technology, advanced sensitivity and discrimination tools. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022; 12(2): 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020508Wei N., Zhong Z., Shi R. A novel method of grading gastric intestinal metaplasia based on the combination of subtype and distribution. Cancer Cell Int. 2021; 21(1): 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-01758-6Wei N., Zhong Z., Shi R. A novel method of grading gastric intestinal metaplasia based on the combination of subtype and distribution. Cancer Cell Int. 2021; 21(1): 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-01758-6Saka A., Yagi K., Nimura S. OLGA- and OLGIM-based staging of gastritis using narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopy. Dig. Endosc. 2015; 27(7): 734–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12483Saka A., Yagi K., Nimura S. OLGA- and OLGIM-based staging of gastritis using narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopy. Dig. Endosc. 2015; 27(7): 734–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12483Cheng H.C., Yang Y.J., Yang H.B., Tsai Y.C., Chang W.L., Wu C T., et al. Evolution of the Correa’s cascade steps: A long-term endoscopic surveillance among non-ulcer dyspepsia and gastric ulcer after H. pylori eradication. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2022; S0929-6646(22)00430-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2022.11.008Cheng H.C., Yang Y.J., Yang H.B., Tsai Y.C., Chang W.L., Wu C T., et al. Evolution of the Correa’s cascade steps: A long-term endoscopic surveillance among non-ulcer dyspepsia and gastric ulcer after H. pylori eradication. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2022; S0929-6646(22)00430-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2022.11.008Харитонова А.Ю., Смирнов И.Е., Шавров А.А., Калашникова Н.А. Узкоспектральная видеоэндоскопия в диагностике деструктивных изменений слизистой оболочки желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки у детей. Российский педиатрический журнал. 2012; 15(6): 20–4.Kharitonova A.Yu., Smirnov I.E., Shavrov A.A., Kalashnikova N.A. Narrow-band imaging endoscopy in the diagnosis of destructive changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum in children. Rossiyskiy pediatricheskiy zhurnal. 2012; 15(6): 20–4. (in Russian)Dănilă C., Cardos I.A., Pop-Crisan A., Marc F., Hoza A., Chirla R., et al. Correlations between endoscopic and histopathological assessment of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology-a cross-sectional retrospective study. Life (Basel). 2022; 12(12): 2096. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122096Dănilă C., Cardos I.A., Pop-Crisan A., Marc F., Hoza A., Chirla R., et al. Correlations between endoscopic and histopathological assessment of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology-a cross-sectional retrospective study. Life (Basel). 2022; 12(12): 2096. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122096Mărginean C.O., Meliț L.E., Săsăran M.O. Traditional and modern diagnostic approaches in diagnosing pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection. Children (Basel). 2022; 9(7): 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070994Mărginean C.O., Meliț L.E., Săsăran M.O. Traditional and modern diagnostic approaches in diagnosing pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection. Children (Basel). 2022; 9(7): 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070994Nezami B.G., Jani M., Alouani D., Rhoads D.D., Sadri N. Helicobacter pylori mutations detected by next-generation sequencing in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded gastric biopsy specimens are associated with treatment failure. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2019; 57(7): e01834-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01834-18Nezami B.G., Jani M., Alouani D., Rhoads D.D., Sadri N. Helicobacter pylori mutations detected by next-generation sequencing in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded gastric biopsy specimens are associated with treatment failure. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2019; 57(7): e01834-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01834-18White J.R., Sami S.S., Reddiar D., Mannath J., Ortiz-Fernández-Sordo J., Beg S., et al. Narrow band imaging and serology in the assessment of premalignant gastric pathology. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2018; 53(12): 1611–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2018.154245520White J.R., Sami S.S., Reddiar D., Mannath J., Ortiz-Fernández-Sordo J., Beg S., et al. Narrow band imaging and serology in the assessment of premalignant gastric pathology. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2018; 53(12): 1611–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2018.154245520Pohl D., Keller P.M., Bordier V., Wagner K. Review of current diagnostic methods and advances in Helicobacter pylori diagnostics in the era of next generation sequencing. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019; 25(32): 4629–60. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i32.4629Pohl D., Keller P.M., Bordier V., Wagner K. Review of current diagnostic methods and advances in Helicobacter pylori diagnostics in the era of next generation sequencing. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019; 25(32): 4629–60. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i32.4629Brennan D., O’Morain C., McNamara D., Smith S.M. Molecular detection of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori. Methods Mol. Biol. 2021; 2283: 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1302-3_4Brennan D., O’Morain C., McNamara D., Smith S.M. Molecular detection of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori. Methods Mol. Biol. 2021; 2283: 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1302-3_4O’Morain N.R., Dore M.P., O’Connor A.J.P., Gisbert J.P., O’Morain C.A. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in 2018. Helicobacter. 2018; 23(Suppl. 1): e125197. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12519O’Morain N.R., Dore M.P., O’Connor A.J.P., Gisbert J.P., O’Morain C.A. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in 2018. Helicobacter. 2018; 23(Suppl. 1): e125197. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12519Guevara B., Cogdill A.G. Helicobacter pylori: A review of current diagnostic and management strategies. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2020; 65(7): 1917–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06193-7Guevara B., Cogdill A.G. Helicobacter pylori: A review of current diagnostic and management strategies. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2020; 65(7): 1917–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06193-7Georgopoulos S., Papastergiou V. An update on current and advancing pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of H. pylori infection. Expert. Opin. Pharmacother. 2021; 22(6): 729–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1845649Georgopoulos S., Papastergiou V. An update on current and advancing pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of H. pylori infection. Expert. Opin. Pharmacother. 2021; 22(6): 729–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1845649Argueta E.A., Ho J.J.C., Elfanagely Y., D’Agata E., Moss S.F. Clinical implication of drug resistance for H. pylori management. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11(12): 1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121684Argueta E.A., Ho J.J.C., Elfanagely Y., D’Agata E., Moss S.F. Clinical implication of drug resistance for H. pylori management. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11(12): 1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121684Li B.Z., Threapleton D.E., Wang J.Y., Xu J.M., Yuan J.Q., Zhang C., et al. Comparative effectiveness and tolerance of treatments for Helicobacter pylori: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015; 351: h4052. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4052Li B.Z., Threapleton D.E., Wang J.Y., Xu J.M., Yuan J.Q., Zhang C., et al. Comparative effectiveness and tolerance of treatments for Helicobacter pylori: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015; 351: h4052. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4052Ierardi E., Losurdo G., Fortezza R.F.L., Principi M., Barone M., Leo A.D. Optimizing proton pump inhibitors in Helicobacter pylori treatment: Old and new tricks to improve effectiveness. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019; 25(34): 5097–104. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i34.5097Ierardi E., Losurdo G., Fortezza R.F.L., Principi M., Barone M., Leo A.D. Optimizing proton pump inhibitors in Helicobacter pylori treatment: Old and new tricks to improve effectiveness. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019; 25(34): 5097–104. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i34.5097Bunchorntavakul C., Buranathawornsom A. Randomized clinical trial: 7-day vonoprazan-based versus 14-day omeprazole-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021; 36(12): 3308–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15700Bunchorntavakul C., Buranathawornsom A. Randomized clinical trial: 7-day vonoprazan-based versus 14-day omeprazole-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021; 36(12): 3308–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15700Chey W.D., Mégraud F., Laine L., López L.J., Hunt B.J., Howden C.W. Vonoprazan triple and dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in the United States and Europe: randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology. 2022; 163(3): 608–19. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.05Chey W.D., Mégraud F., Laine L., López L.J., Hunt B.J., Howden C.W. Vonoprazan triple and dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in the United States and Europe: randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology. 2022; 163(3): 608–19. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.05Kiyotoki S., Nishikawa J., Sakaida I. Efficacy of vonoprazan for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Intern. Med. 2020; 59(2): 153–61. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.2521-18Kiyotoki S., Nishikawa J., Sakaida I. Efficacy of vonoprazan for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Intern. Med. 2020; 59(2): 153–61. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.2521-18Furuta T., Yamade M., Kagami T., Uotani T., Suzuki T., Higuchi T., et al. Dual therapy with vonoprazan and amoxicillin is as effective as triple therapy with vonoprazan, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Digestion. 2020; 101(6): 743–51. https://doi.org/10.1159/000502287Furuta T., Yamade M., Kagami T., Uotani T., Suzuki T., Higuchi T., et al. Dual therapy with vonoprazan and amoxicillin is as effective as triple therapy with vonoprazan, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Digestion. 2020; 101(6): 743–51. https://doi.org/10.1159/000502287Ouyang Y., Wang M., Xu Y.L., Zhu Y., Lu N.H., Hu Y. Amoxicillin-vonoprazan dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022; 37(9): 1666–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15917Ouyang Y., Wang M., Xu Y.L., Zhu Y., Lu N.H., Hu Y. Amoxicillin-vonoprazan dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022; 37(9): 1666–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15917Yang C., Li S., Huang T., Lin H., Jiang Z., He Y., et al. Effectiveness and safety of vonoprazan-based regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2022; 47(7): 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.13637Yang C., Li S., Huang T., Lin H., Jiang Z., He Y., et al. Effectiveness and safety of vonoprazan-based regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2022; 47(7): 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.13637Suzuki S., Kusano C., Horii T., Ichijima R., Ikehara H. The ideal Helicobacter pylori treatment for the present and the future. Digestion. 2022; 103(1): 62–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000519413Suzuki S., Kusano C., Horii T., Ichijima R., Ikehara H. The ideal Helicobacter pylori treatment for the present and the future. Digestion. 2022; 103(1): 62–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000519413Tanabe H., Yoshino K., Ando K., Nomura Y., Ohta K., Satoh K., et al. Vonoprazan-based triple therapy is non-inferior to susceptibility-guided proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2018; 17(1): 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-018-0281-xTanabe H., Yoshino K., Ando K., Nomura Y., Ohta K., Satoh K., et al. Vonoprazan-based triple therapy is non-inferior to susceptibility-guided proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2018; 17(1): 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-018-0281-xHu Y., Zhu Y., Lu N.H. Novel and effective therapeutic regimens for Helicobacter pylori in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2017; 7: 168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00168Hu Y., Zhu Y., Lu N.H. Novel and effective therapeutic regimens for Helicobacter pylori in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2017; 7: 168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00168Zou S.P., Cheng Q., Feng C.Y., Xu C., Sun M.H. Comparative effectiveness of first-line therapies for eradication of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains: A network meta-analysis. World J. Clin. Cases. 2022; 10(35): 12959–70. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i35.12959Zou S.P., Cheng Q., Feng C.Y., Xu C., Sun M.H. Comparative effectiveness of first-line therapies for eradication of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains: A network meta-analysis. World J. Clin. Cases. 2022; 10(35): 12959–70. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i35.12959Guo Y., Zhang Y., Gerhard M., Gao J.J., Mejias-Luque R., Zhang L., et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastrointestinal microbiota: a population-based study in Linqu, a high-risk area of gastric cancer. Gut. 2020; 69(9): 1598–607. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319696Guo Y., Zhang Y., Gerhard M., Gao J.J., Mejias-Luque R., Zhang L., et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastrointestinal microbiota: a population-based study in Linqu, a high-risk area of gastric cancer. Gut. 2020; 69(9): 1598–607. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319696Sousa C., Ferreira R., Azevedo N.F., Oleastro M., Azeredo J., Figueiredo C., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: from standard to alternative treatment strategies. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2022; 48(3): 376–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841x.2021.1975643Sousa C., Ferreira R., Azevedo N.F., Oleastro M., Azeredo J., Figueiredo C., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: from standard to alternative treatment strategies. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2022; 48(3): 376–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841x.2021.1975643Shafaghi A., Pourkazemi A., Khosravani M., Fakhrie Asl S., Amir Maafi A., Atrkar Roshan Z., et al. The effect of probiotic plus prebiotic supplementation on the tolerance and efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication quadruple therapy: A randomized prospective double blind controlled trial. Middle East J. Dig. Dis. 2016; 8(3): 179–88. https://doi.org/10.15171/mejdd.2016.30Shafaghi A., Pourkazemi A., Khosravani M., Fakhrie Asl S., Amir Maafi A., Atrkar Roshan Z., et al. The effect of probiotic plus prebiotic supplementation on the tolerance and efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication quadruple therapy: A randomized prospective double blind controlled trial. Middle East J. Dig. Dis. 2016; 8(3): 179–88. https://doi.org/10.15171/mejdd.2016.30Shi X., Zhang J., Mo L., Shi J., Qin M., Huang X. Efficacy and safety of probiotics in eradicating Helicobacter pylori: A network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(15): e15180. https://doi.org/10.1097md.0000000000015180Shi X., Zhang J., Mo L., Shi J., Qin M., Huang X. Efficacy and safety of probiotics in eradicating Helicobacter pylori: A network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(15): e15180. https://doi.org/10.1097md.0000000000015180Syahniar R., Kharisma D.S., Rayhana R. Helicobacter pylori. Challenge vaccine for humans. In: Desheva Yu., ed. Vaccine Development. Intech Open; 2021. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101157Syahniar R., Kharisma D.S., Rayhana R. Helicobacter pylori. Challenge vaccine for humans. In: Desheva Yu., ed. Vaccine Development. Intech Open; 2021. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101157Malfertheiner P., Selgrad M., Wex T., Romi B., Borgogni E., Spensieri F., et al. Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a parenteral vaccine against Helicobacter pylori in healthy volunteers challenged with a Cag-positive strain: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018; 3(10): 698–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(18)30125-0Malfertheiner P., Selgrad M., Wex T., Romi B., Borgogni E., Spensieri F., et al. Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a parenteral vaccine against Helicobacter pylori in healthy volunteers challenged with a Cag-positive strain: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018; 3(10): 698–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(18)30125-0Khan M., Khan S., Ali A., Akbar H., Sayaf A.M., Khan A., et al. Immunoinformatics approaches to explore Helicobacter pylori proteome (Virulence Factors) to design B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9(1): 13321. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49354-zKhan M., Khan S., Ali A., Akbar H., Sayaf A.M., Khan A., et al. Immunoinformatics approaches to explore Helicobacter pylori proteome (Virulence Factors) to design B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9(1): 13321. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49354-zAngsantikul P., Thamphiwatana S., Zhang Q., Spiekermann K., Zhuang J., Fang R.H., et al. Coating nanoparticles with gastric epithelial cell membrane for targeted antibiotic delivery against Helicobacter pylori infection. Adv. Ther. (Weinh). 2018; 1(2): 1800016. https://doi.org/10.1002/adtp.201800016Angsantikul P., Thamphiwatana S., Zhang Q., Spiekermann K., Zhuang J., Fang R.H., et al. Coating nanoparticles with gastric epithelial cell membrane for targeted antibiotic delivery against Helicobacter pylori infection. Adv. Ther. (Weinh). 2018; 1(2): 1800016. https://doi.org/10.1002/adtp.201800016Yang S.J., Huang C.H., Yang J.C., Wang C.H., Shieh M.J. Residence time-extended nanoparticles by magnetic field improve the eradication efficiency of Helicobacter pylori. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020; 12(49): 54316–27. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c13101Yang S.J., Huang C.H., Yang J.C., Wang C.H., Shieh M.J. Residence time-extended nanoparticles by magnetic field improve the eradication efficiency of Helicobacter pylori. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020; 12(49): 54316–27. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c13101

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.