Myocarditis in children. Modern aspects of diagnostics

Introduction. A review of the current literature on the features of the diagnosis of myocarditis in children is presented. Myocarditis is an acute or chronic inflammatory myocardial disease characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations, nonspecific symptoms and physical data. With insufficient number of informative diagnostic tests, there is a challenge for practitioners at all stages of medical care. Aim of the review is to comprehensively present the features of the clinical diagnosis of myocarditis in children. The presence of myocarditis should be assumed in situations where children, regardless of the age, first developed symptoms of heart failure (HF), as well as in the presence of a clinic of viral infections accompanied by respiratory or abdominal symptoms, combined with the development of tachycardia, hypotension or cardiac arrhythmias, even in the absence of cardiomegaly. Myocarditis should be clinically suspected at the stage when the necessary decisions should be made about the patient’s routing, the formation of a complex of diagnostic examinations and the start of therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart is today the non-invasive gold standard for the diagnosis of myocarditis that allows detecting myocarditis within 2–3 weeks after the first symptoms appear. Endomyocardial biopsy can be used for accurate morphological diagnosis of myocarditis in children. Molecular biological and genetic studies that determine the severity and outcome of the disease are important for the diagnosis of myocarditis in children.

Conclusion. Based on the literature data and own experience in diagnosing myocarditis, the authors have developed an original diagnostic algorithm to make the right medical decision in case of suspected acute myocarditis in children.

Contribution:
Vasichkina E.S. — concept and design of the study;
Vasichkina E.S., Balykova L.A., Basargina E.N., Bregel L.V., Degtyareva E.A., Kovalev I.A., Kotlukova N.P., Leontyeva I.V., Yakovleva L.V., Groznova O.S. — collection and processing of material;
Vasichkina E.S., Kovalev I.A., Kotlukova N.P., Leontyeva I.V. — writing the text;
Balykova L.A., Basargina E.N., Bregel L.V., Degtyareva E.A., Yakovleva L.V., Groznova O.S. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: September 12, 2024
Accepted: October 08, 2024
Published: November 12, 2024

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