Introduction. Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a common form of spinal curvature that occurs in children and adolescents. The analysis of the quality of life in such patients is an urgent topic. The PedsQL 4.0 questionnaire is widely used to determine changes in quality of life (QOL).

The aim of the study was to determine changes in the quality of life in children with idiopathic scoliosis, depending on the used tactics of surgical treatment.

Materials and methods. There were examined 88 patients aged 13–18 years, the average age was 15.1 ± 0.61 years, including 20 boys and 68 girls who underwent surgery from 2017 to 2024 for idiopathic scoliosis types I–IV according to L. Lenke score. The patients were divided into 3 groups. The 1^st (control) group consisted of 29 children who underwent a single-stage dorsal correction of scoliosis, supplemented by G1 osteotomy according to F. Schwab. Group 2 consisted of 29 patients who underwent two-stage surgical treatment: at the first stage, preliminary mobilization of the anterior support column of the spine was performed, followed by pelvic traction; at the second stage, dorsal correction of spinal deformity was performed. Group 3 consisted of 30 patients who underwent surgery using a single-stage dorsal correction supplemented by an apical multilevel G2 osteotomy according to F. Schwab. The minimum follow-up period after surgery was 12 months.

Results. The patients of group 1 initially showed high QOL scores on all scales of the questionnaire, while the children of group 2 had low QOL scores in the field of physical and role functioning. The parameters of social and emotional functioning in patients of groups 2 and 3 were similar. Changes in QOL in patients 12 months after surgical treatment turned out to be almost the same. At the same time, a significant improvement in QOL was revealed in patients of groups 2 and 3 compared with children of the control group. An analysis of patients based on baseline values of thoracic kyphosis revealed an improvement in QOL in patients of group 2 with hypokyphosis, which is associated with improved physical health and overall psychosocial functioning (p < 0.05). Patients in group 2 with normokyphosis showed marked improvement in the physical and psychosocial spheres, in contrast to children in group 3. In hyperkyphosis children, the improvement in QOL was more significant in patients of group 3 compared with patients of group 2, especially in the field of general psychosocial functioning (p < 0.02).

Conclusion. The choice of surgical intervention tactics based on the severity of thoracic kyphosis has significantly improved the quality of life in patients after surgical treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. There was a significant increase in scores on the scales of emotional, social, and role functioning. The established patterns can be applied by orthopedists to optimize the choice of tactics for surgical treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in children.

Contribution:
Samokhin K.A., Chelpachenko O.B. — concept and design of the study;
Samokhin K.A., Pimbursky I.P., Butenko A.S., Lyashenko S.N., Kotlubaev R.S. — collection and processing of the material;
Sumenko V.V. — statistical processing of the material;
Samokhin K.A., Chelpachenko O.B. — writing the text;
Zherdev K.V., Yatsyk S.P. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: February 14, 2025
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

Introduction. Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, recurrent disease characterized by inflammation of the large and/or small intestine or the entire gastrointestinal tract with the formation of local and systemic complications. Diarrhea can act as a mask of CD, which increases the time for diagnosis and timely administration of therapy. The aim of our work is to determine the diagnostic significance of diarrhea as a marker of CD in children.

Materials and methods. Eighty six patients aged of 3 to 17 years and 6 months with a verified diagnosis of CD who were in the Gastroenterological department and the surgical department with routine care from 2018 to 2024 were examined. The analysis of clinical symptoms, activity. and endoscopic picture of CD in children was carried out. The assessment of CD activity in children was carried out according to the PCDAI scale.

Results. 65% of CD patients showed symptoms of intestinal infection: fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea syndrome, vomiting, weight loss. Fever was observed in 23.3%, abdominal pain syndrome in 69.7%, and diarrhea syndrome in 50% of patients. At the same time, clostridial infection was detected in only 17% of patients. Lesions of the small and large intestine were detected in 65%, lesions of the colon in 22%, lesions of the small intestine in 9%, total lesions of all parts of the gastrointestinal tract in 4% of cases. Characteristic changes in CD children were hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and a significant increase in fecal calprotectin levels.

Conclusion. CD children require a special approach when conducting a systemic diagnostic search due to the high frequency of nonspecific and extra-intestinal manifestations.

Contribution:
Dyakonova E.Yu., Usoltseva O.V. — concept and design of the study;
Dyakonova E.Yu., Bekin A.S., Gusev A.A., Usoltseva O.V. — collection and processing of the material;
Bekin A.S., Gusev A.A., Usoltseva O.V. — writing the text;
Dyakonova E.Yu., Usoltseva O.V. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: February 05, 2025
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

Relevance. Head and facial injuries are one of the main reasons for emergency care in children. Among all cases of blunt trauma to the skull and face, orbital damage, including fractures of the orbital walls, stands out in particular. The aim is to determine the diagnostic significance of modern methods for visualizing the state of the orbits in children with blunt trauma. The review uses PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and RSCI databases.

An urgent and reliable assessment of damage to the orbit and eyeball in children is extremely important. Common imaging techniques for the orbit and eye include radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound is applicable for isolated injury of the orbit in specialized ophthalmological centers, except in cases where there is a suspicion of rupture of the eyeball. Due to the low information content and accessibility, CT and radiography are rarely used nowadays. In case of acute orbital trauma, any suspicion of the possibility of a foreign body in orbit requires an initial CT assessment to exclude a metallic foreign body. MRI plays a significant role in recognizing damage to the soft tissues of the orbit in children, as well as all other intracranial injuries caused by trauma. MRI allows comprehensive data that significantly expands diagnostic capabilities compared to CT, providing more information to the radiologist and the orbital surgeon. It is extremely important that specialists are aware of these imaging capabilities, as these techniques are constantly evolved and used in assessing and treating orbital injuries, as well as in planning surgical intervention in children.

Contribution:
Ochilov A.R., Akhadov T.A. — concept and design of the study;
Ochilov A.R., Akhadov T.A., Timofeeva A.V. — collection and processing of the material, writing the text;
Akhadov T.A., Ublinsky M.V. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: February 12, 2025
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

Introduction. Treatment of bone fractures with growth zone disorders in children is an urgent task. Near- and intra-articular fractures are common injuries to the musculoskeletal system in children. However, the issue of choosing a safe retainer remains unresolved. Objective. To determine the safety of a bioresorbable polylactate-coglycolide (PLGA) implant for the surgical treatment of distal tibial metaepiphyseolysis in children.

Materials and methods. The work was performed on one hundred twenty white 3 months rats, weighing 110–120 g. The animals were divided into 2 groups: the main group consisted of 100 rats, 50 females and males each. Fragments of PLGA biopolymer were implanted intraperitoneally in animals of this group. The healing took place naturally. The control group consisted of 20 rats, 10 females and 10 males each, and no biopolymer was implanted in these animals. The observation was carried out for 3 months from the date of implantation.

Results. The PLGA-based implant had no adverse effect on the condition of the animals, and there were no signs of inflammation. After 3 months, the implant was destroyed in the abdominal cavity of the animals. There were no significant deviations in the condition of the animals, a decrease in their body weight, or changes in blood tests.

Conclusion. A biopolymer based on PLGA can be used as a bioresorbable fixative for near- and intra-articular bone fractures.

Contributions:
Serova N.Yu., Yatsyk S.P., Chelpachenko O.B., Artifeksova A.A. — concept and design of the study;
Serova N.Yu., Lushnikov A.M. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing of the material;
Serova N.Yu., Chelpachenko O.B. — writing the text;
Serova N.Yu., Chelpachenko O.B., Artifeksova A.A. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: March 04, 2025
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

Introduction. Fermented foods (FF) are an integral part of the nutrition in many peoples of the world. There are more than 5,000 different types of FF that help improve metabolism, strengthen immunity, and reduce the risk of developing such chronic diseases as diabetes and obesity. The aim of the review is to determine the properties and effects of FF on the intestinal microbiota. To analyze the literature, a search was conducted in PubMed, MedLine, and Google Scholar databases over the past 10 years. FF has unique beneficial properties, has a significant effect on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and has such pleiotropic effects as immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. FF possess of prebiotic and probiotic properties, with potential benefits for patients. Different types of FF have different effects on the gut microbiota. Regular consumption of FF helps to reduce the risk of various forms of allergic pathology, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders, which makes them promising for diet therapy and nutrition. The simplest and most effective way to maintain the optimal composition of the intestinal microbiota is to include FF in the daily diet, which has a positive effect on health. The diverse composition of FF, rich in probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds, helps to improve the functional state of the digestive system, strengthen immunity, normalize metabolism and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. FF is necessary to develop personalized approaches to nutrition based on the individual composition of the intestinal microbiota.

Contribution:
Smirnova G.I., Lebedev A.I. — concept and design of the study; collection and processing of the material; writing the text;
Korsunsky A.A. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: January 24, 2025
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

With the development of biomedical technologies, new promising treatment methods are emerging. In the field of regenerative medicine, such technology is represented by therapy with Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP), an innovative technology for the treatment of joints, muscles, and tendons, in which autologous platelets-rich plasma (autoplasm) is injected into the affected area, isolated from the patient’s blood. The principle of treatment is based on the delivery of natural factors involved in the recovery processes to the affected area. The aim of the review is to determine the range of the use of PRP therapy in pediatric practice. We conducted a literature search in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google. This review includes studies from 2019 to 2024. PRP therapy has earned high expectations for its ability to stimulate natural regeneration processes and accelerate tissue regeneration at the cellular level. Due to its analgesic properties, this technique is used not only in surgical practice during the postoperative period, but also in other related areas. However, all advanced technologies require careful study and accumulation of data with subsequent introduction into a clinical setting, which in this case is no exception. Therefore, the scientific and practical development of this area is very relevant now. The main obstacles to the widespread use of PRP therapy are the insufficient amount of data and its inert analysis. Provided that the analysis of this technology is actively carried out at various levels and in sufficient volume, we will make extensive use of this promising treatment technique in the foreseeable future. 

Contribution:
Sibirskaya E.V. — development of the concept and design of the study;
Nikiforova P.O. — analysis of results, editing the text;
Mantseva A.V. — writing the text, reviewing publications on the topic of the article, analyzing the obtained data;
Mancev A.O. — writing the text, reviewing publications on the topic of the article;
Sharkov S.M. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: December 25, 2024
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

Relevance. Human albumin (HA) accounts for 60% of all plasma proteins and is an important component of extracellular fluids, including lymph, interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid. This protein has multifunctional properties — it supports oncotic blood pressure, regulates the immune system, stabilizes the endothelium and affects key pathophysiological mechanisms. The aim of the review is to determine the features of the structure, properties and use of HA in acute medicine with a primary focus on brain damage of hypoxic-traumatic origin. Literature was searched in the databases PubMed, Google Academic, Web of Science, RSCI by keywords: human albumin, critical conditions, brain hypoxia, reactive oxygen species and nitrogen, search depth of 10 years. An analysis of data on the structure and modifications of HA in hypoxia/ischemia under conditions of increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) is presented. The informative value of HA modifications (“ischemia–modified albumin” — IMA and albumin oxidized by RNS from tyrosine — 3-nitrotyrosine — 3-HT residues) in the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases is considered. One of the limitations of the use of HA in critical condition medicine is the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of action of HA and modifications of endogenous and exogenous (injected) HA during infusion therapy. In the reduced state, HA has antioxidant activity and can neutralize the action of ROS and RNS formed during hypoxia. However, under conditions of hypoxia/ischemia and oxidative/nitrosative stress, HA is susceptible to oxidation and modification, which leads to the loss of its protective properties.

Contribution:
Sorokina E.G., Reutov V.P. — the concept and design of the study;
Sorokina E.G., Karaseva O.V., Semenova Zh.B. — collection of literature data;
Sorokina E.G., Reutov V.P. — writing the text;
Smirnov I.E. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: December 20, 2024
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

Introduction. Lipid metabolism disorders play a key role in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Hyperlipidemia, which occurred in childhood, continues to progress over adulthood, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. The lack of screening for the lipid profile, clinical manifestations and low alertness of pediatricians, lead to late detection of this pathology and minimize the possibility of using a set of preventive measures. The aim of the review is to determine the features of the diagnosis of lipid metabolism disorders for the development of an algorithm for managing children with dyslipidemia. The material for the analysis was scientific reports selected in the MedLine, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases from 1980 to 2025. An effective way to diagnose dyslipidemia is screening, which should be performed at the age of 9–11 years and 17–21 years. Dyslipidemia is diagnosed when changes in two lipid profiles are detected. It is necessary to exclude primary hypercholesterolemia, which has an unfavourable course. Risk factors for atherosclerosis and early vascular diseases are analyzed to determine management tactics. The main method of correcting lipid metabolism disorders in children is lifestyle modification. In the absence of an effect, statins are indicated, which are the drug of choice in all developed countries. The efficacy and safety of long-term use of statins in children has been demonstrated. Early diagnosis and timely initiation of treatment of hyperlipidemia in children play a significant role in reducing the risk of atherosclerotic diseases over the old age.

Contribution:
Krutova A.V. — concept and design of the study;
Krutova A.V., Mukhortykh V.A., Miroshnichenko A.S., Stolyarova S.A. — collection and processing of the material;
Krutova A.V. — writing the text;
Zyabkin I.V. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: February 11, 2025
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

Introduction. Phasing is the leading principle of medical rehabilitation, in which a sick child can receive a course of rehabilitation measures at all stages of medical care. The aim of the review is to determine the importance of physical rehabilitation in children with perinatal damage to the central nervous system (CNS). We have conducted a literature search on the topic in the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, RSCI, search depth of 10 years. The main principles of medical rehabilitation in children with perinatal lesions of the CNS are: correction of developmental disorders, starting from an early age, the use of a complex of various non-medicinal technologies, regularity, continuity, as well as integration into the work of relatives of a sick child, which implies their involvement in a continuous rehabilitation process. The range of physical methods used at different stages of rehabilitation in children with perinatal pathology is quite wide and includes tactile and kinesthetic stimulation of palms and fingers, massage, therapeutic gymnastics, kinesotherapy, hydrokinesotherapy, physiological positioning, gymnastics according to the method of V. Voit, kinesiotaping, fitball gymnastics, and physiotherapy. The stage-by-stage nature of medical rehabilitation, the timeliness of rehabilitation care, its continuity in various institutions, following a single concept in motor rehabilitation, and an integrated approach based on the anatomical and functional features of the development in children with perinatal CNS damage are the basis for effective recovery and contribute to the realization in the child’s motor and intellectual potential.

Contribution:
Kharitonova N.A., Basargina M.A., Lupandina-Bolotova G.S., Konova O.M. — concept and design;
Kharitonova N.A., Lupandina-Bolotova G.S., Illarionova M.S., Mitish M.D., Presnyakova E.D. — collection and processing of material;
Kharitonova N.A. — writing the text;
Kharitonova N.A., Basargina M.A., Konova O.M. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: January 20, 2025
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

Unfavourable conditions of the educational environment, such as pedagogical violence, victimization, and psychological trauma, can have a significant impact on the mental and physical health both in schoolchildren and teachers, which determines the relevance of the lecture topic. The purpose is to determine the impact of adverse educational environment conditions on the behaviour and health in children. The lecture used own data and databases: RSCI, PubMed, Google Scholar. The concepts of psychological safety in students and traumatic factors in school that contribute to the development of stress and traumatic experiences are defined. Such adverse factors include pedagogical violence, bullying, didactogeny (forced and derogatory attitude towards students), as well as an inadequate climate in an educational institution, a significant impact of violations of the school climate and the teacher-student relationship on the mental and physical health in students has been established. It is proposed to combine the efforts of specialists from different fields to develop preventive measures to prevent adverse phenomena in educational institutions.

Contributions:
Ganuzin V.M. — concept and design of the study, preparation of material and writing of the text, editing of the text, approval of the final version of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The author declares no conflict of interest.

Received: February 26, 2025
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025

Introduction. Measles is a highly contagious disease. Clinically, measles can be severe, leading to the most common complication — pneumonia. Before the beginning of the 21^st century, WHO developed a program to eliminate measles, first in specific countries and regions, then worldwide. This became possible after the introduction of effective and safe vaccines. However, refusals to vaccinate against measles due to misinformation about vaccination complications have led to a decrease in vaccination coverage worldwide, including Russia. Objective: using 6 cases of measles in a children’s multidisciplinary hospital as an example, to remind about the potential danger of measles and identify the reasons for the inability to eradicate this vaccine-preventable infection. The article describes six cases of measles in children with severe chronic diseases undergoing inpatient treatment at the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, as well as the anti-epidemic measures taken. The 6 cases of measles detected in a children’s hospital showed the relevance of measles infection in the world and in our country in particular, the necessary alertness of doctors and medical personnel in relation to recently forgotten infections, indicated the importance of timely vaccination against measles and measures to prevent measles outbreaks. WHO and other structures, including Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor), have already taken certain measures to restore the level of vaccination coverage, but, as practice shows, and these described cases of measles confirm this, work on restoring confidence in vaccines is still ahead.

Contributions:
Galitskaya M.G., Makarova S.G. — concept and design of the study;
Galitskaya M.G., Volkhonskaya A.E. — collection and processing of the material;
Galitskaya M.G. — writing the text;
Fisenko A.P., Makarova S.G. — editing the text.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: February 04, 2025
Accepted: March 18, 2025
Published: April 29, 2025