Introduction. The impact of prematurity on the functional state of the kidneys in infants has not yet been sufficiently studied.

Aim. To determine the influence of birth weight and gestational age on the creatinine level in the blood and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in early childhood.

Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on medical records of 316 children aged from 1 month to 1.5 years, hospitalized at the Department of Early Childhood Pathology (National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow) from 2012 to 2020 due to consequences of perinatal CNS damage. Children without congenital kidney diseases, with normal urine values in medical history, without structural abnormalities on ultrasound were included in this study. Serum creatinine was determined by the enzymatic method, GFR — by the Schwartz’s formula using a coefficient of 0.413, as well as, previously proposed coefficients of 0.33 for premature and 0.44 for full-term infants.

Results. In premature infants, notably born with extremely low birth weight and very low birth weight, at the age of 1 year, serum creatinine is reduced compared to full-term infants, GFR in deep-premature infants exceeds the level of GFR in full-term infants by the year. The results allow concluding the method of calculating GFR by formulas based on serum creatinine to be invalid. Due to possible hyperfiltration in preterm infants, they need regular monitoring urine tests, blood pressure, due to the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.

Conclusions. It is necessary to search for other methods for determining GFR in extremely premature infants. The established indices of the blood creatinine content can be used as reference values for different periods of gestation and body weight at birth in institutions using the enzymatic method for determining blood creatinine. The obtained GFR indices as a reference can be recommended for full-term and premature babies born after 32 weeks of gestation and with a birth weight of more than 1500 g.

Contribution:
Tsintsadze B.D., Kazakova K.A. — research concept and design of the study;
Tsintsadze B.D., Kazakova K.A. — collection and processing of material;
Chernikov V.V. — statistical processing;
Tsintsadze B.D. — text writing;
Fisenko A.P., Tsygin A.N. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Informed consent: informed consent was received from the patients parents for the publication of a description of the clinical case (dates of signing — October 3, 2019; February 25, 2020).

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: August 04, 2021
Accepted: August 24, 2021
Published: September 16, 2021

Introduction. Currently, the gain in the number of children patients diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) has been recorded. The key feature of the given group is the polysystemic expression, with considerable disruption of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and immune processes. The research of their counteraction and development is essential for determining tactics for ASD patients’ combination treatment.

Aim of the study is to present a clinical and functional patient profile with Autism Spectrum Disorders based on the clinical, medical and social trial.

Materials and methods. We conducted a pilot observational, comparative study within two groups of children (62 ASD patients and 48 healthy children dominated by boys). The examination included receiving complaints, objective assessment by the paediatrician and neurologist, filling in medical records, covering complaints and the results of patients’ objective examination and parents/caretakers surveys.

Results. The study revealed the predominance of complaints about mental disruptions over somatic complaints. Notably, parents/ caretakers indicated the presence of sleep disturbances (up to 22.5%) and specific eating habits (up to 27.4%) in their children. Young patients in the group under consideration exposed signs of allergic diseases chronic intoxication syndromes and micronutrient deficiencies. Nearly one-third of children reported the presence of functional disorders/digestive diseases.

Conclusion. Young patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder are diagnosed with burdened physical status in the form of functional disruptions and diseases. These findings necessitate the paediatrician’s active early detection of organs’ malformation and require somatic systematic monitoring by the psychiatrist and skilled attendance of other medical specialists.

Contribution:
Galova E.A., Chekalova S.A., Blagonravova A.S., Karyakin N.N. — concept and design of the study;
Galova E.A., Chekalova S.A., Kotelnikova O.L., Vorobyova O.V. — collection and processing of the material;
Galova E.A., Chekalova S.A. — statistical processing;
Galova E.A., Chekalova S.A. — writing the text;
Galova E.A., Chekalova S.A. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgement. The study was carried out within the framework of the state assignment «Gut microbiota transplantation in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)», registration number AAAA-A20-120022590145-1.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: August 05, 2021
Accepted: August 24, 2021
Published: September 16, 2021

Introduction. Food allergy (FA) being a clinically heterogeneous condition, the only treatment for which is a strong elimination diet. The need to exclude one or more foods from the diet, constant monitoring of the diet, anxiety and excitement about the exacerbation of allergic symptoms lead to a significant decrease in the quality of life.

Materials and methods. The study included thirty eight 2–7 year children patients with various clinical manifestations of FA (atopic dermatitis, allergic and alimentary colitis, food-borne dermatitis). The comparison group consisted of twenty seven healthy children matched by age. The quality of life in all children was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life — PedsQLTM4.0 questionnaire.

Results. All FA children patients showed a significant decrease in the quality of life in terms of such indicators as emotional functioning (60.2 in the main group and 83.5 in the comparison group), social functioning (77.9 in the main group and 88.1 in the comparison group), role functioning or kindergarten functioning (FDS) (77.5 in the main group and 84.9 in the comparison group) and psycho-social health (69.3 in the main group and 85.5 in the comparison group). The overall score in assessing the quality of life is significantly lower in the group of FA children (71 in the main group and 87 in the comparison group).

Conclusion. To improve the quality of life of children with FA, there is needed a comprehensive individual approach including both psychological support for the child and his family members, and the solution of issues with the provision of «safe» food in children’s educational institutions.

Contribution:
Fugol D.S. — research concept and design of the study;
Fugol D.S., Voronin I.I., Pozhenko V.V. — collection and processing of material;
Strozenko L.A. — statistical processing;
Fugol D.S., Voronin I.I. — text writing;
Fugol D.S., Strozenko L.A., Lobanov Yu.F. — editing;
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee. The patients’ parents gave written voluntary informed consent to participate in the study.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: August 17, 2021
Accepted: August 24, 2021
Published: September 16, 2021